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BIO 110 - Anatomy & Physiology > LO 3 > Flashcards

LO 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Human cells ______ in size and shape

A

Vary considerably - 200 types and 100 trillion cells in the body

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2
Q

What is the basic composition of all human cells?

A

Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, organelles, nucleus

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3
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A

It encloses the cytoplasm and forms the outer boundary, phospholipid bi-layer, selectively permeable, contains specialized proteins on surface

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4
Q

Describe cytoplasm

A

Internal ‘living’ material of cells, between plasma membrane and nucleus, contains cytosol (intracellular fluid), contains organelles

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5
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for?

A

Creating proteins (ribosomes often found on ER)

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6
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of connecting sacs that carry substances through the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Describe golgi apparatus

A

Group of stacked, flattened sacs near the nucleus

Recieve substances from smooth ER via vesicles, then package, process, and transport substances to plasma membrane for release

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8
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A

Composed of inner and outer membranes, is the site if cellular respiration, contains one DNA molecule

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9
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

Membranous-walled organelles, resemble small sacs, contain digestive enzymes that can destroy microbes,

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10
Q

Describe centrioles

A

Fine, rod-shaped tubes that exist in a pair (at right angles) near the nucleus - vital in cell division

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11
Q

Describe microvilli

A

Finger-like projections on cell membrane that increase surface area

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12
Q

Describe cilia

A

Fine hair-like extensions on free or exposed surfaces of some cells - propel a cell or move substances (e.g mucus)

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13
Q

Describe flaggelum

A

Single projection extending from cell surface that creates propulsive movement (sperm)

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14
Q

What are the 4 layers of the nucleus?

A
  1. Nuclear membrane
  2. Nucleoplasm
  3. Nuleolus - produces ribosomes
  4. Chromatin granules - package DNA in a smaller volume to fit cell
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15
Q

What are the 2 methods of transportation across the cell membrane?

A
  1. Passive transport
  2. Active transport
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16
Q

Define passive transport?

A

Form of transport that does not require additional energy - results from movement down a concentration gradient (diffusion and filtration)

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of diffusion?

A
  1. Osmosis - diffusion of water when some solutes can’t cross membrane
  2. Dialysis - diffusion of solutes
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18
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

The minimum pressure that must be applied to a solution to halt the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane (osmosis)

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19
Q

Define isotonic

A

A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids - no net movement

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20
Q

Define hypertonic

A

A solution with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids - water flows out of cell

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21
Q

Define hypotonic

A

A solution with lower osmotic pressure than body fluids - water flows into cell

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22
Q

Define filtration

A

Movement of water and small solutes through a membrane (high pressure to low pressure). High pressure on one side of membrane -hydrostatic pressure

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23
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at any point of time due to the force of gravity (e.g. during formation of urine by kidneys)

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24
Q

Active transport requires ______

A

Energy from ATP

25
Q

Types of active transport include ______

A
  1. Ion pumps
  2. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
26
Q

Describe ion pumps

A

A protein complex in cell membrane called a carrier uses energy from ATP to move substances across cell membrane against their concentration gradient (Na-K, Ca)

27
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Means ‘to eat’. It is a protective mechanism used to engulf and destroy bacteria

28
Q

Describe pinocytosis

A

Means ‘to drink’. Cell can engulf or drink fluids/dissolved substances to incorporate those fluids into the cell

29
Q

What is complimentary base pairing?

A

A-T and G-C are the only two combinations of nitrogen bases

30
Q

What is a gene?

A

A segment of base pairs within DNA molecule that dictates the formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes

31
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Transfers genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

32
Q

Describe transcription

A

DNA unwinds, Messenger RNA is created, each strand of mRNA duplicates a particular gene, mRNA passes form nucleus to cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis in ribosomes

33
Q

Describe translation

A

It is protein synthesis. Ribosomes read mRNA while tRNA brings the correct amino acids, forming a protein strand

34
Q

The period of time when the cell is not actively dividing is called _______

A

Interphase

35
Q

Describe DNA replication

A

DNA unwinds and separates between base pairs, each side attracts complimentary bases until each strand is whole again

It precedes mitosis

36
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
37
Q

Describe what happens during prophase

A
  1. Chromatin granules organize into chromosomes
  2. Chromosomes form pairs of linked stands called chromatids, which are connected at the centromere
  3. Centrioles move to poles and spindle fibres form between
  4. Nuclear envelope disappears
38
Q

Describe metaphase

A
  1. Chromatids align across the center of the cell
  2. Spindle fibres attach to each chromatid
39
Q

Describe anaphase

A
  1. Centromeres break
  2. Separated chromatids are again called chromosomes
  3. Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
  4. Cleavage furrow develops - beginning of cytokinesis
40
Q

Describe telophase

A
  1. Cell division is completed
  2. Nuclei appear in each daughter cell
  3. Nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear
  4. Cytoplasm and organelles divide equally - growth
41
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
42
Q

Where do you find epithelial tissue and what does it look like?

A
  1. Covers body and lines parts, organs, and body cavities
  2. Continuous sheets of tightly pact cells with very little intercellular material (matrix) - anchored to a basement membrane
43
Q

What are the 4 epithelial shapes?

A
  1. Squamous - flat and scale like
  2. Cuboidal - cube shaped
  3. Columnar - taller than wide
  4. Transitional - varying shapes that can stretch
44
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified by arrangement of cells?

A
  1. Simple - single layer of same shaped cells
  2. Stratified - multiple layers (named according to shape of outer layer)
45
Q

Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?

A

Alveoli of lungs, lining of blood and lymphatic vessels (good structure for transport)

46
Q

Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

Surface of skin and mucous membranes

47
Q

Where can simple columnar cells be found?

A

Lining the inner surface of stomach, intestines, and some areas of the reproductive tracts – creates mucous

48
Q

Where can stratified transitional epithelium be found?

A

Areas subject to stress such as urinary bladder

49
Q

What is unique about pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Each cell touches the basement – only appears stratified due to the shape of cells, but actually a single layer

50
Q

Where can you find cuboidal epithelium?

A

Often specialized for secretory activity, found in tubules (like urine producing tubules of kidneys) or glands (endocrine system)

51
Q

A ductless gland is ______ while glands with ducts are ______

A
  1. Endocine
  2. Exocrine
52
Q

Describe connective tissue

A
  1. Most abundant in body
  2. Most widely distributed
  3. Connects, binds, and supports structures
  4. Protects and cushions organs and tissues
  5. Insulates (fat)
  6. Transports substances
53
Q

Where is connective tissue found?

A

Skin, membranes, muscles, bones, nerves, and all internal organs

54
Q

What are the 7 types of connective tissue

A
  1. Loose fibrous/ areolar - most widely distributed, glue that holds organs together
  2. Adipose (fat) - stores lipids/insulates
  3. Fibrous - strong and flexible bundles of white collagen fibers (e.g. tendons)
  4. Bone - one of the most specialized, building blocks called osteoms (haversian systems)
  5. Cartilage - chrondrocyte is cell type
  6. Blood - transportation function
  7. Hematopoietic - formation of blood and lymphatic cells - immunity
55
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal - attaches to bones via tendons, striations apparent under microscope, voluntary control
  2. Cardiac - forms walls of heart, involuntary contractions
  3. Smooth - forms walls of blood vessels and hollow organs (digestive tract, respiratory tubes), involuntary control
56
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Provides rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions via nerve impulses

57
Q

What comprises nervous tissue?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Glia - supportive and connecting cells
58
Q

______ refers to a cell that bursts in a hypotonic solution

A

Lysis

59
Q

The shriveling of a cell in a hypertonic solution is called ________

A

Crenation

BIO 110 - Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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