LO 1.3 - Stems Flashcards
Function: primary and secondary Nodes, internodes, buds Anatomy: Cuticle, epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles, pith Modifications: thorns, rhizomes, stolons, corms and tubers
Info Graphic
What is a Dicot Stem?
Stems
Dicot stem is the solid cylindrical axial part of a plant consisting of nodes and internodes giving rise to leaves, branches, and flowers.
Stems
Question
What are the functions of Stems?
4 bullet points
Stems
Function of Stems
* Support
* Transport
* Growth
* Storage
* Photosynthesis
Stems
Question
How do stems provide support in plants?
Stems
Support
Stems provide support and a point of attachment for leaves, flowers and fruit, optimizing their position for exposure to sunlight and pollination and dispersal.
Stems
Question
What do we mean by transport within Stems?
Stems
Transport
The presence of a vascular system within the stem provides for the movement of water and dissolved minerals from the roots upward and transport of carbohydrates producers in the leaves downward throughout the plant.
Stems
Question
How do stems provide the function of growth for a plant?
Stems
Growth
Cell division in specialized areas. The stem grows and produces essential tissue and structures such as buds, leaves, flowers and fruit.
Stems
Question
Some plants use stems for Storage. What is meant by that?
Stems
Storage
Specialized stems, usually underground, serve as storage reservoirs for carbohydrates and other nutrients.
Stems
Question
Can Photosynthesis occur in Stem, if so how?
Stems
Photosynthesis
Stems have tissue with chloroplasts that contribute to the plants carbon cycle. Other specialized stems carry out photosynthesis in plants where leaves are greatly reduced or absent.
Stems
Question
What are the 3 main parts of Stems?
Stems
- Node: Area of stem from where leaves or buds form.
- Internode: Area between two adjacent nodes.
- Bud: Embryonic stem often covered by protective scales.
Stems
Define
Bud
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Bud
* Embryonic stem, often covered by protective structure for protection.
Stems
Define
Bulb
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Bulb
* Short, flattened underground stem surrounded by layers of thick fleshly modifies leaves.
Stems
Define
Corm
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Corm
* Short, vertical underground stem surrounded by thin papery tissue.
Eg… Garlic
Stems
Define
Herbaceous
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Herbaceous
* Stem or plant that is soft and without woody tissue.
Stems
Define
Node
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Node
* Area of a stem from which leaves or buds are produced.
Stems
Define
Internode
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Internode
* Area of a stem between two constructive nodes.
Stems
Define
Leaf
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Leaf
* Typically flat photosynthetic structure produced from the nodes of stems and branches of plants.
Stems
Define
Rhizome
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Rhizome
* Horizontal underground stem with scale like leaves.
Stems
Define
Stolon
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Stolon
* Elongated horizontal stem that grows on the surface of the ground and that roots and produces new plant at the nodes and at the tip.
Stems
Define
Shoot
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Shoot
* Young stem or branch.
Stems
Define
Tuber
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Tuber
* Short, fleshy underground stem or thickened portion of a rhizome
Stems
Define
Woody
Stems - Important Term
Stems
Woody
* Hard stem or plant formed by the presence of secondary xylem.
Stems
Question
What are terminal buds?
Stems
A terminal bud grows at the tip of a shoot and causes the shoot to grow longer.
Stems
Question
What are Lateral buds?
Stems
Lateral buds (axillary) grow along the sides of a shoot and give rise to the sideways growth that makes a plant bushy.
Stems
Question
What are Leaf scars?
Stems
Deciduous trees adn shrubs lose all leaves annually.
After leaves fall, you can more easily see the axillary buds with leaf scars below.
Stems
Study Card
Rhizomes
* Rhizomes are enlarged horizontal stems lying below the ground that can be adapted for vegetative reproduction.
* Rhizome contains nodes from which roots and shoots originate
Rhizomes
* Rhizomes are unique in that they grow perpendicular, permitting new shoots to grow up out of the ground.
* When separated, each piece of a rhizome is capable of producing a new plant..
* The primary function of the rhizome is the storage of nutrients (carbohydrates and proteins)
Study Card
Examples of Rhizomes
Stems
Examples of Rhizomes
Stems
Study Card
Bulbs
* A bulb is an underground storage organ formed from the plant stem and leaves.
* At the base of the bulb is a thin, flat disc called the basal plate
* The roots grow from the underside of the basal plate
* The body of the bulb is made up of layers of fleshy scales which are modified leaves.
Stems
- In the centre of the bulb is the bud for the next year’s flower.
- During the growing season, the plant uses the food stored in the fleshy scales, and at the end of the season, the diverts food into new scale leaves for the next season.
- The old scale leaves form the dried papery covering of the new bulb, the tunic.
- New bulbs are formed around the base of the old bulb.
Stems
Study Card
Corms
* A corm is an underground storage organ formed from the plant stem.
* A corm is a mass of solid tissue,
* They do not have separate fleshy scales like a bulb,
* There is a dry papery tunic formed of modified leaves.
Stems
- A corm is formed from the swollen base of the stem, and roots form on the underside of the corm.
- Buds form at the top of the stem, and there may also be smaller secondary buds on the outside of the corm.
- During the growing season, the plant uses the food stored in the fleshy stem, and at the end of the season, the leaves divert food into producing a new corm on top of the old one.
Stems
Study Card
Tubers
Stems
- Popular example of tubers is the potato.
- Tubers can be easily recognized by the eyes - the stems grow from the eye.
- Other examples of tubers include dahlias and caladiums.
Stems
Study Card
Stolons
Not to be confused with Rhizomes..
Stems
- Stolons are horizontal connections between organisms.
- They are a stem that produce nodes from which new plants form.
Stems
Study Card
Thorns
Like on a Rose.
Stems
- The thorn are a modified, sharp pointed stem.
- It occurs in the axil of a leaf where a branch would normally develop.
Stems
Question
What is the Cuticle?
Stems
The cuticle is the waxy covering produced by the epidermal cells of a leaf to protect the plant from excessive water loss.
Stems
Question
What do we mean by Vascular Bundles?
Stems
Vascular Bundles – Sometimes called the veins.
* Phloem – Transport of food throughout the plant.
* Xylem – Transport of Water and minerals throughout the plant.
* Cambium – Meristematic tissue – this is the area of rapid growth by cell division.
Stems
