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LMP301 > LMP301 Lecture 7: Endocrine Disease > Flashcards

LMP301 Lecture 7: Endocrine Disease Flashcards

Endocrine diseases

1
Q

List the principle endocrine glands

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Thyroid gland
  4. Parathyroid gland
  5. Adrenal gland
  6. Pancreas
  7. Ovaries
  8. Testes
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2
Q

What types of hormones does the hypothalamus release?

A
  • Releasing hormones

- Inhibiting hormones

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3
Q

What are the releasing hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A
  • GHRH (growth hormone)
  • TRH (thyrotrophin)
  • CRH (corticotrophin)
  • GnRH (gonadotrophin)
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4
Q

What are the inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A
  • Somatostatin

- Dopamine

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5
Q

Hypothalamus usually sends signals to…

A

Pituitary gland

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6
Q

Pituitary gland is divided into…

A
  • Anterior Pituitary

- Posterior pituitary

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7
Q

What hormones are released by the a. pituitary?

A
  • GH (growth)
  • TSH (thyroid-stimulating)
  • ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic)
  • LH (luteinizing)
  • FSH (Follicle-stimulating)
  • PRL (Prolactin.)
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8
Q

What hormones are released by the p. pituitary?

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

- Oxytocin

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9
Q

Hormones secreted by thyroid gland

A
  • T4
  • T3
  • Calcitonin
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10
Q

T3

A

thyroxine

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11
Q

T4

A

Triiodothyronine

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12
Q

Hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

A

Steroids:

  • Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Adrenal androgens
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13
Q

Thyroid gland controls…

A

metabolism

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14
Q

Hormones secreted by parathyroid gland

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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15
Q

Parathyroid gland controls…

A

Ca++ levels in the body

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16
Q

The adrenal gland is divided into

A
  • Adrenal cortex

- Adrenal medulla

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17
Q

Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

A

Catecholamines: E and NE

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18
Q

Catecholamines are…

A

neurohormones

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19
Q

Hormones secreted by ovaries

A
  • Estrogens

- Progesterone

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20
Q

Hormones secreted by the testes

A

Testosterone

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21
Q

Hormones secreted by pancreas

A
  • Glucagon (alpha cells)
  • Insulin (Beta cells)
  • Somatostatin (delta cells)
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22
Q

how are hormones classified?

A
  • Endocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Autocrine
  • Neuroendocrine, NT
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23
Q

What are endocrine hormones?

A

Long distance

- sent through blood and carried to target cells

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24
Q

What are paracrine hormones?

A

Short distance

- act on nearby cells

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25
Q

Example of paracrine hormone?

A

Glucagon act on B-cells of the pancreas

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26
Q

Example of endocrine hormone?

A

ACTH from pituitary act on adrenal cortex

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27
Q

What are autocrine hormones?

A

Local

- hormone act on cell that secreted it

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28
Q

Example of autocrine hormone

A

1,25(OH)2vitD from prostate & pancreas

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29
Q

What are NT/NE hormones?

A

Hormones secreted from neural axon terminals

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30
Q

Examples of NT/NE hormones

A

E

NE

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31
Q

Ways in which the endocrine system is controlled:

A
  1. Feedback (positive and negative)

2. Receptor

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32
Q

___ interaction between hormone and their receptor

A

Reversible

33
Q

2 types of receptors

A
  1. Cell surface receptors

2. Intracellular receptors

34
Q

Cell surface receptors

A

Used by large, liquid insoluble hormones

  • Rapid response
  • cascade
  • intracellular signalling pathway
35
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Used by smaller, liquid soluble hormones

  • Gene regulation
  • in cytosol or nucleus
  • activates TF
  • slow response
36
Q

Relationship between hypothalamus and p. pituitary

A

Hormones produced by hypothalamus can be stored in the p. pituitary until signal for release

37
Q

Relationship between hypothalamus and a. pituitary

A

Hypothalamus sends signal (releasing hormones), and the corresponding hormones are produced at the a. pituitary

38
Q

Effect of GnRH on a. pituitary

A

stimulate LH/FSH production

39
Q

Effect of CRH on a. pituitary

A

stimulate ACTH production

40
Q

Effect of GHRH on a. pituitary

A

stimulate GH production

41
Q

Effect of somatostatin on a. pituitary

A

Inhibit GH and TSH production

42
Q

Effect of TRH on a. pituitary

A

Stimulate TSH and prolactin production

43
Q

Effect of domapine on a. pituitary

A

inhibit prolactin production

44
Q

What is prolactin mostly affected by?

A

If dopamine inhibiting signal is there. TRH does not have a major effect (unless abundance of TRH)

45
Q

Target organ of LH/FSH

46
Q

Target organ of ACTH

A

adrenal cortex

47
Q

Target organ of GH

A

liver, other tissues

48
Q

Target organ of TSH

49
Q

Target organ of prolactin

A

breasts, other tissues

50
Q

LH/FSH stimulates production of…

A
  • Androgens

- Estrogens

51
Q

ACTH stimulates production of…

52
Q

GH stimulates production of…

53
Q

TSH stimulates production of…

54
Q

Hormone concentration in blood ____ due to normal reasons, such as…

A

Changes

  • episodic secretion patterns
  • stress
  • circadian rhythm
55
Q

How do we investigate endocrine diseases?

A

use dynamic tests (provocative tests)

56
Q

dynamic tests

A

Test hormone response and feedback following a stimulating / inhibiting signal

57
Q

What dynamic test is used for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Dexamethasone suppression tests

58
Q

What dynamic test is used for Addison’s disease?

A

Synacthen test (using synthetic ACTH)

59
Q

What dynamic test is used for diabetes & acromegaly?

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

60
Q

“Spade-like” hands is a symptom of…

A

Acromegaly

61
Q

Define: acromegaly

A

increased GH in adults

62
Q

Most likely cause of acromegaly?

A

pituitary adenoma (tumour)

63
Q

Clinical features of acromegaly?

A
  • rough facial features
  • soft tissue thickens
  • spade-like hands
  • protruding jaw (prognathism)
  • sweating
  • impaired glucose tolerance / diabetes
64
Q

Why do people with acromegaly tend to have impaired glucose tolerance?

A
  • GH opposes effects of insulin
  • IGF-1 initially acts like insulin and lowers glucose, but overtime, the insulin receptors become insensitive due to continual large outputs of IGF
65
Q

Major effects of GH (somatotrophin)

A
  • Reduce glucose metabolism (less insulin receptors)
  • Increase lypolysis (use FA for energy)
  • Increase AA transport into muscles, liver, adipose cells
  • Increase proteins synthesis (transcription & translation in the liver)
  • Increase IGF
66
Q

Factors that enhance effects of GH

A
  • sleep
  • AA
  • Exercise
  • Stress
  • Low glucos
67
Q

Factors that supresse effects of GH

A
  • High glucose
68
Q

GH can be directly measured by…

A

Immunoassay

69
Q

2 dynamic tests given to diagnose problems with GH

A
  • Use insulin to induce hypoglycemia -> will GH be secreted in response to low glucose? (GH deficiency)
  • Glucose tolerance test -> will high glucose stop GH secretion? (acromegaly)
70
Q

How to measure IGF-1 (somatomedin C)?

A

Immunoassay

71
Q

IGF-1 is an indicator of…

Why is it so good?

A

GH

Very stable in the blood stream; easy to detect because very concentrated in the blood

72
Q

IGF-1 is what type of hormone?

A

Endocrine, autocrine, paracrine

73
Q

The body has more insulin or IGF-1?

74
Q

_____ in response to a GTT is the diagnostic test for acromegaly

A

Lack of GH suppression

75
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

76
Q

Treatment of acromegaly

A
  • surgery
  • drugs
  • radiotherapy
77
Q

What kind of drugs can treat acromegaly?

A
  • GH agonists

- GHRH angonists (not as effective)

78
Q

Hypothalamus - a. pituitary - liver axis for GH control

A

GHRH (+) and somatostatin (-) released from hypothalamus

GH released from a. pituitary

IGF-1 released from liver

LMP301 (18 decks)

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