Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LMP301 > LMP301 Lecture 5: Renal Diseases > Flashcards

LMP301 Lecture 5: Renal Diseases Flashcards

0
Q

What are the nitrogenous wastes?

A
  1. Ammonia
  2. Urea
  3. Uric acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Why must the kidney remove waste?

A

Protein metabolites from catabolism / diet will accumulate -> toxic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ammonia is waste from…

A

proteins (AA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Urea is waste from…

A

Ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Uric acid is waste from…

A

Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is ammonia removed from the body?

A

Converted to urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does ammonia get converted to urea?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Besides nitrogenous wastes, what else is secreted from the kidneys?

A

Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is creatinine?

A

Product of muscle metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

“Normal creatinine” levels varies depending on…

A

Muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the major waste secreted by the kidney?

A

Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is GFR?

A

Measure of kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most ideal way to measure GFR?

A

Creatinine clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is creatinine clearance?

A

Measure how much creatinine passes through the kidneys for 24h -> GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is creatinine clearance carried out?

A

24h urine sample & creatinine in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 2 ways to measure GFR?

A
  1. Creatinine clearance

2. Estimation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is GFR estimated?

A

1/[plasma creatinine]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens at the glomerulous?

A

Filtration of plasma & small molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to the filtrate from the glomerulous?

A

Goes into tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens at the tubules?

A

Reabsorption of water & nutrients back into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How much blood goes to the kidney per min?

A

1200 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How much filtrate is produced at the kidneys per min?

A

120 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

GFR is…

A

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys per minute.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 2 types of renal failure?

A

Acute & chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ARF

A

Acute renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ARF is different from CRF…

A

Rapid onset and reversible if treated in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

To distinguish between CRF and ARF, we must examine what aspect of renal failure?

A

How fast the onset was

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ARF can commonly found in people who are…

A

severely ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Early detection of ARF relies on…

A

Sequential monitoring of urea & creatinine levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

“Renal function tests” = looking at…

A

Urea & creatinine levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Oliguria

A

less than 400 ml urine / day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to the volume of urine when someone has ARF?

A

Usually decreases (oliguria or anuric)

33
Q

What is it called when there is no urine produced at all?

A

Anuric

34
Q

< 400 mL urine / day

A

Oliguria

35
Q

Why might urine output be not affected sometimes (ARF)?

A

If renal tubular dysfunction is the main issue

36
Q

When can ARF take place?

A
  1. Pre-renal
  2. Renal
  3. Post-renal
37
Q

“Extrinsic” renal failures refer to problems…

A

Pre and post renal

38
Q

“Intrinsic” renal failure refers to problems…

A

at the kidney (renal)

39
Q

Pre-renal causes for ARF

A

Hypovolemia

40
Q

Hypovolemia is associated with…

A

Hypotension: insufficient volume of blood getting to the kidneys -> decreased renal blood flow

41
Q

What will cause hypovolemia?

A

Injuries with blood or ECF loss

42
Q

Hypovolemia will cause decreased blood flow to the kidney, which then…

A

Stimulates aldosterone -> reabsorb Na+ (and water) -> concentrated urine

43
Q

A urine sample of someone who has ARF due to hypovolemia is likely to be…

A
  • Small volume
  • Concentrated
  • Low in Na+
44
Q

How to treat pre-renal causes of ARF?

A
  1. Give fluids & electrolytes

2. Osmotic diuretic

45
Q

If treatment by fluids & electrolytes is not enough, what is given?

A

Osmotic diuretic

46
Q

What are the dangers of osmotic diuretic?

A

If given for renal or post-renal…

Increased filtrate produced has nowhere to go (pressure build-up). This may lead to death by congestive heart failure.

47
Q

What is the point of osmotic diuretic?

A

Agent that holds onto water in the blood (increase blood volume) -> increase blood flow to kidney to restore normal function

48
Q

Renal causes of ARF

A
  1. ATN
  2. Protein deposition in the nephron
  3. Glomerulonephritis
49
Q

ATN

A

Acute tubular necrosis

50
Q

What is ATN?

A

Poison / toxin that affects the tubular cells -> tubular cells die

51
Q

What is protein deposition in the nephron?

A

Excess of myoglobin & myeloma proteins -> clogs nephrons

52
Q

Why might there be too much myoglobin and myeloma proteins in the nephron?

A
  • Muscle trauma

- Cancer

53
Q

What 2 proteins can be found in the nephron to indicate renal disease?

A

Myoglobin & myeloma

54
Q

what is glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the glomerulous

55
Q

What are granular casts?

A

Protein plugs that forms on the inside of tubules and will get flushed out with urine once patient recovers

56
Q

What can be found in the urine after recovery from renal ARF?

A

Brown granular casts

57
Q

What do the granular casts contain?

A

Protein material
Tubular epithelia cells
Formed elements if bleeding occured

58
Q

Post-renal causes for ARF

A

Obstruction (urine has nowhere to go)

59
Q

Post-renal obstruction can be caused by…

A
  • Injury
  • Kidney stones
  • Inflammation / swelling
  • Tumours
60
Q

What type of tumours can impact the renal system?

A

Prostate
Cervix
Bladder

61
Q

What indicates renal failure on a lab test?

A

Increased levels of urea & creatinine

62
Q

In normal kidneys, what happens when there is a rise in blood pressure?

A

Large increase in Na+ secretion

63
Q

What is the key cause of advanced renal disease?

A

Inability to secrete Na+ (and water)

64
Q

People with advanced renal disease develop…

A

Volume dependent hypertension

65
Q

Nephrosclerosis

A

Degradation of arterial walls in the nephron

66
Q

Stenosis

A

Abnormal narrowing of blood vessels

67
Q

What does prolonged hypertension cause?

A

Degradation of arteriole walls

68
Q

What might cause hypertension around the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries may be narrowed

69
Q

Prolonged hypertension may will cause destruction of….. which will lead to…

A

Glomeruli; loss of kidney function

70
Q

What is the end result of progressive renal damage?

A

CKD (chronic kidney disease)

71
Q

CKD

CRF

A

Chronic kidney disease

Chronic renal failure

72
Q

Can CKD by reversed?

A

No, it can only be slowed

73
Q

How can CKD progression be slowed?

A
  1. Decrease protein intake
74
Q

Slow progression of CKD:

Why does decreasing protein intake help?

A

Reduce creatinine levels -> reduce GFR -> lessen load on kidneys

75
Q

Slow progression of CKD:

How can blood pressure be lowered?

A

ACE inhibitors & ARBs

76
Q

ARBs

A

Angiotensin receptor blockers

77
Q

Function of ARBs

A

Block renin-AT system -> allow Na+ (and water) to be excreted)

78
Q

What does CKD eventually lead to?

A

ESRD

79
Q

ESRD

A

End stage renal disease

LMP301 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions