Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LMP301 > LMP301 Lecture 14: Cancer > Flashcards

LMP301 Lecture 14: Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cancer for men

A

prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

most common cancer for women

A

breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

every year, there are the most deaths from __ cancer

A

lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the leading cause of death in Canada right now?

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define: neoplasia

A 
"cancer"
new growth (called "neoplasm")
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define: tumour

A

Swelling; neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define: oncology

A

study of tumours / neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define: cancer

A

common term for all malignant tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cancer is a ___ process

A

multistep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to cancer cells?

A
  • loses stability for differentiated state
  • go back to “stem cell” stage
  • divide uncontrollably
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is it called when cancer invades other parts of the body?

A

Metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

clonal theory of tumorigenesis

A

Cancer cells clone themselves repeatedly to form a neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Etiology of cancer (3 steps)

A
  1. initial DNA damage
  2. chromosome breakdown & rearrangement
  3. selection of successfully growing mutant cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Example of things that can lead to initial DNA damage

A
  • carcinogens
  • radiation
  • chemicals
  • viruses
  • unknown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens during chromosome breakdown & rearrangement?

A

loss of growth control leading to a loss of chromosome stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens during selection of successfully growing mutant cells?

A
  • new patterns of gene expression (expression of oncogenes, inhibit tumour suppressors)
  • tumour production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is seen with cancer cell diversity? (5)

A
  • the same tumour can have different gene expression
  • things produced by each tumour cell can be different (used as markers)
  • clinical symptoms can change over time
  • new symptoms appear when cancer spreads
  • difficult to predict response to treatment due to high diversity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stages of cancer (4)

A
  1. Induction phase
  2. In situ phase
  3. Invation phase
  4. Dissemination (metastasis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How long can induction phase last?

A

up to 30 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the ideal stage to detect cancer?

A

induction phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Local effects of cancer will lead to…

A
  1. obstruction of blood vessels & ducts

2. destruction of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Consequences of cancer (2)

A
  1. systemic effects

2. cachexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the systemic effects of cancer? Which one is more commonly seen?

A
  • ectopic secretion of hormones

- SIADH (more common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Example of ectopic secretion of hormones?

A

Lung cancer: small cell carcinomas product ACTH (more cortisol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Result of SIADH?

A
  • water retention

- hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define: cachexia

A

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Symptoms of cachexia (7)

A
  • anorexia
  • lethargy
  • weight loss
  • muscle weakness
  • anemia
  • pyrexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

define: pyrexia

A

fever that can’t be explained by any cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens if someone is experiencing cachexia?

A
  • no appetite -> inadequate food intake
  • impaired digestion & absorption
  • tumour using up all nutrients
  • increased metabolic rate to support tumour growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What biochemical parameters change in those with cancer?

A
  • liver aminotransferases (ALT, AST)
  • adrenal abnormalities (cortisol)
  • elevated urate, lactate dehydrogenase, calcium
  • proteinuria, renal failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Maker for liver damage due to cancer

A

ALT

AST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

maker for adrenal gland damage due to cancer

A

cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

maker for kidney damage due to cancer

A

proteinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

treatment for cancer

A
  • chemotherapy

- radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Consequences of chemotherapy

A
  • cytotoxicity
  • tumour lysis syndrome
  • hyperuricemia
  • hypomagnesemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Consequences of radiation

A
  • hypopituitarism

- gonadal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

tumour lysis syndrome (TLS)

A

group of metabolic complications that can occur after treatment of cancer

38
Q

hyperuricemia

A

level of uric acid in the blood that is abnormally high

39
Q

hypopituitarism

A

diminished hormone secretion by the pituitary gland

40
Q

Process of lab testing / responsibilities for cancer

A
  1. detection / screening
  2. confirmation (biopsy)
  3. classification (biopsy)
  4. monitoring
41
Q

What is used to screen for breast cancer?

A

mammography

42
Q

What is used to screen for colon & rectum cancer?

A

fecal occult blood-sigmoidoscopy

43
Q

What is used to screen for lung cancer

A

x-ray

cytology of the sputum

44
Q

What is used to screen for cervix cancer

A

Papanicolaou test (pap test)

45
Q

classification of cancer determines the ___ and ___ of the tumour

A

staging & grading

46
Q

define: tumour marker

A

a substance which is released by the tumour or the host in response to the tumour

their presence / increased expression can be used to determined presence of a tumour

47
Q

characteristics of an ideal tumour marker (5)

A
  • easy to measure (see in plasma)
  • abundant in body fluids
  • specific for certain type of cancer
  • sensitive for small tumours
  • diseased state will increase the marker
48
Q

Tumour markers are classified into…

A
  • proteins
  • enzymes
  • hormones
  • oncofetal antigens
  • carbohydrates
  • hormone receptors
  • genetic markers
49
Q

marker for end stage renal failure?

A

Bench Jones proteins

50
Q

Protein markers for cancer (2)

A
  • immunoglobulins

- Bence Jones proteins

51
Q

enzyme markers for cancer (3)

A
  • lactate dehydrogenase
  • alkaline phosphatase
  • prostate specific antigen
52
Q

hormone markers for cancer (3)

A
  • HCG
  • ACTH
  • catecholamines
53
Q

oncofetal antigen markers for cancer (2)

A
  • CEA

- AFP

54
Q

What are oncofetal antigens?

A

Antigens produced during early development of the fetus, but should not be present after that stage

55
Q

carbohydrate markers for cancer (3)

A
  • CA 19-9
  • CA 125
  • CA 15-3
56
Q

hormone receptor markers for cancer (2)

A
  • estrogen

- progesterone

57
Q

genetic markers for cancer (6)

A
  • Ras
  • Myc
  • HER-2/neu
  • p53
  • BRCA 1
  • BRCA 2
58
Q

Clinical utility of tumour markers (5)

A
  • monitoring treatment
  • follow up / reoccurence
  • prognosis
  • diagnosis (CAN’T BE USED ALONE)
  • screening of high risk populations (not very sensitive / specific)
59
Q

Marker for prostate cancer

A

PSA

60
Q

Marker for breast cancer (3)

A
  • estrogen & progesterone receptors
  • CA27.29
  • CA15-3
61
Q

Marker for colorectal cancer

A

CEA

62
Q

Marker for testicular cancer

A

AFT

63
Q

Marker for ovarian cancer

A

CA 125

64
Q

Marker for hepatoma

A

AFP

65
Q

Marker for thyroid cancer

A

calcitonin

66
Q

Marker for adrenal cancer

A

catecholamines

67
Q

thyroid cancer is also known as…

A

medullary carcinoma

68
Q

PSA is produced by the…

A

prostate epithelium

69
Q

Advantages of PSA

A

organ specific

70
Q

Disadvantages of PSA

A

not cancer specific; can also be caused by…

  • growth of prostate (benign prostate hyperplasia)
  • inflammation of prostate (prostatitis)
71
Q

Clinical utility of PSA

A
  • early detection of prostate cancer
  • stage of cancer
  • monitor patient
72
Q

How can PSA be made more cancer-specific?

A
  • free vs. total PSA
  • ## age specific reference intervals
73
Q

Who has more PSA: older or younger?

A

older

74
Q

PSA

A

prostate specific antigen

75
Q

define: pheochromocytoma

A

neuroendocrine tumour of the adrenal gland (medulla)

–> secrete high amounts of catecholamines

76
Q

What is multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)?

A
  • inherited tumour predisposition syndrome (AD)
  • tumours in 2 or more endocrine glands
  • tumours overproduce hormones
77
Q

MEN 1 is due to…

A

mutations in MEN 1 gene

78
Q

MEN 1 gene is a…

A

tumour supressor

79
Q

MEN2 is due to…

A

mutations in Ret gene

80
Q

Ret gene is a …

A

Tyrosine kinase receptor (protein)

81
Q

Symptoms of MEN 1 (what is usually affected?)

A
  • parathyroid adenomas
  • pancratic adenomas
  • pituitary adenomas
  • adrenal cortex adenomas
  • carcinoid tumours
82
Q

define: carcinoid tumours

A

a tumor of a type occurring in the glands of the intestine (esp. the appendix) or in the bronchi

83
Q

symptoms of MEN 2 (what is usually affected?)

A
  • medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
  • phaeochomocytoma
  • hyperparathyroidism
84
Q

Which geographic / racial groups are more predispositioned to what type of cancer?

A
  • stomach cancer in Japan

- lung carcinoma in USA

85
Q

What environmental factors increase risk of cancer?

A
  • asbestos

- smoking

86
Q

Which age groups are more at risk for cancer?

A

> 55

87
Q

Which cancers are due to genetics?

A
  • 5% of breast cancer
  • MEN
  • pediatric lukemias
  • lymphomas
88
Q

which genes are responsible for breast cancer?

A

brca1 and brca2

89
Q

define: lympohas

A

cancer of the lymph nodes

90
Q

Acquired preneoplastic disorders

A

Some diseases increase risk of getting cancer
preneoplastic = before tumour formation
???

91
Q

Children are most affected with which type of cancer?

A
  1. leukemia
  2. lymphomas
  3. CNS

LMP301 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions