Living/Working In Industrial Britain Flashcards

1
Q

Where was most migration in Britain during industrialisation?

A

Rural - urban migration

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2
Q

What were the positives of back-back housing?

A

Very small ( only 4m wide, 2 rooms) so allowed space for increased migration and population in cities to live

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3
Q

What were the negatives of back to back housing?

A

Created illness as poor conditions

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4
Q

In 1801, what percentage of Birmingham’s population lived in back-to-back houses?

A

66%

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5
Q

What was the main cause of sanitation issues in Britain due to industrialisation?

A

Overcrowding of water pumps and poor sanitation in toilets created many diseases

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6
Q

What occurred in Sunderland in 1831?

A

Cholera outbreak killing 32,000

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7
Q

What is an example of class separation in living conditions due to industrialisation?

A

Middle class lived on outskirts of the city where there was more space + better sanitation, working class lived in the city

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8
Q

What were working conditions like in industrialised Britain?

A

Cramped, lack of independence, long hours and unsafe conditions

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9
Q

What was legislation like before 1833 for working conditions?

A

Little to none

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10
Q

What were men’s working weeks like in factories?

A

6 day weeks, 14 hours a day

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11
Q

Why did men see little improvement in working conditions even after acts were passed I.e 1833 factory act?

A

Reforms mainly only helped women and children

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12
Q

What were some examples of over-discipline in factories ?

A

If workers were late by 10 minutes,fined 2 hours wages + talking could be fined 1/2 days wage

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13
Q

Why were working conditions so poor in factories?

A

Employers dictated the conditions of their factories, usually profit driven and little care for workers as replaceable - created high injury rate

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14
Q

What were some dangers of mine-working ?

A

Shafts collapsing, flooding, gas explosion - could lead to death

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15
Q

Why were mines becoming more dangerous during industrialisation?

A

Demand for coal increased ( 6 million tonnes in 1770 to 55 million tonnes in 1850) - lead to mines deepening to up to 300m, greater risk

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16
Q

What were the issues with mine work which created large unemployment issues?

A

Miners were bound to a contract by an employer - employers weren’t obliged to provide work all the time

17
Q

What were women’s usual weekly wages?

A

12-15 shillings a week ( 1/2 of men )

18
Q

Why were women useful to employers?

A

Employers could pay women less and they would usually do work men refused

19
Q

How were women benefitted by the 1833 factory act?

A

Reduced hours, but in 1878 still worked 56 hour weeks

20
Q

In 1821, what % of workers were under 20?

A

49%

21
Q

What was a dangerous job usually asked of a child?

A

Pieceners, often lost to injuries like loss of limbs ( especially fingers)

22
Q

In mines in 1842, what % of workers were under under 19 and what was there usual jobs?

A

20%, trappers

23
Q

What age did some children start working in mines?

A

6

24
Q

How did the 1842 mining act benefit children working in mines?

A

Children under the age of 10 couldn’t work in mines

25
Q

How did further reform in mines help children in 1850?

A

Minimum working age in mines raised again to 12

26
Q

Why were developments to working class conditions slow?

A

Middle-class lacked humanity + government didn’t want to intervene as were benefiting from laissez-faire ideology

27
Q

Why did developments to working-class conditions increase later on in industrialisation ?

A

Increased awareness of the working class labour pushing industrialisation, needed to be protected more

28
Q

How much coal was used in Britain in 1770 ?

A

6 million tonnes

29
Q

How much coal was used in Britain in 1850?

A

55 million tonnes