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Living Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Stat the relationship between cells, tissues, organs and systems.

A

Cells make up tissue, groups of issues make organs and groups of organs make systems.

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2
Q

State the structure of the digestive system

A 
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine 
Rectum
Anus
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3
Q

What does the mouth do?

A

Food and saliva are mixed, teeth mechanically break down food into smaller pieces.

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4
Q

Oesophagus

A

A tube connecting the mouton your stomach. Peristalsis occurs, which is a muscular movement to carry the food down into your stomach.

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5
Q

Stomach

A

Temporary food storage area. Glands produce enzymes and stomach acid. Gastric juice breaks down proteins. A combination of stomach acids turn foods into a paste called chyme.

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6
Q

Small intestine

A

Food moves through by peristalsis. Digestive from the pancreas, liver and gall bladder complete the process of digestion. Pancreas produces enzymes to break down carbs, protein and fat.

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7
Q

Large intestine

A

Undigested minerals pass through here by peristalsis. Water, salt and vitamins are absorbed to be us by the body.

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8
Q

Rectum

A

Last part of the large intestine where waste is stored as faeces.

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9
Q

Anus

A

Faeces passes through here

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10
Q

Tongue

A

Rolls food into bonus, which is pushed to the back of the throat to be swallowed.

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11
Q

Gall bladder.

A

Bile that is made in the over is stored here. Release digestive juices in the stomach to help break down the food. Bile breaks down fats to droplets small enough to transport throughout the body.

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12
Q

Pancreas

A

Makes pancreatic juices to neutralise stomach acid. Enzymes that break down proteins, fats and carbs are produced here.

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13
Q

Liver

A

Largest internal organ. Makes bile which breaks down fats, controls blood sugar and destroys poisons

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14
Q

Teeth

A

Bite and chew food, breaks it down in the mouth.

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15
Q

Oesophagus

A

Food travels from the mouth to the stomach in this tube-like structure and peristalsis is responsible for pushing it along.

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16
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like tissue to maximise the surface area of the small intestine and contains cells that transport substances into the bloodstream

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17
Q

Outline the importance of peristalsis

A

Peristalsis is the process of muscular contractions pushing food not the specific place it needs to be. It is very important because without it, food would get stuck in our oesophagus and we would choke.

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18
Q

Ingestion

A

The process where food is taken in by the mouth and broken down by the teeth and saliva.

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19
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Begins in the mouth breaking food into smaller pieces.

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20
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Begins in the mouth when food mixes with saliva. Involves breaking down foods into si paler nutrients that can be used by the cells

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21
Q

Nutrient absorption

A

Most occurs in upper part of the small intestine. Absorbs carbs, proteins, fats and vitamins.

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22
Q

What is the relationship between the trachea, alveoli, lungs, capillaries, oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

After taking in oxygen, the air moves down the trachea, down a narrow tube, ending up in tiny air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, gases including oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchange between the circulatory system and he respiratory system. Once oxygen turns into red blood cells in capillaries, surrounding the alveoli the blood that the oxygen travels in is oxygenated blood. So i goes from your lungs to your heart.

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23
Q

What is the vital capacity

A

The largest volume of air that can be breathed in or out at one time.

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24
Q

What is asthma and how does it affect our respiratory system?

A

Asthma is the narrowing of the air pipes that join the mouth and the nose up to the lungs. It causes struggles with breathing. It affects our respiratory because it makes it a lot more difficult to breathe and deliver oxygen to parts of our body.

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25
Q

Dentist the components that make up blood

A

Blood is made of red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, white blood cell, which help fight disease and infection, blood platelets, which help clip Ned plug damaged blood vessels, and plasma, which is a fluid they all float in.

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26
Q

Explain the structure of the heart

A

The heart is a fist shaped organ that pump blood throughout the body. It has 4 chambers the upper left and right atrium and the lower left and right ventricle. The left ventricle has a thicker wall and muscle as it has to pump blood all the way around the body.

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27
Q

What is the relation ship between blood, heart, arteries, veins and capillaries

A

The heart has two sides. One has deoxygenated blood and the other has oxygenated blood. Oxygenated blood travels through the arteries away from the heart to the body. Whereas veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart which gets transported to the lungs. Meanwhile, materials are exchanged between blood and cells through tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are located between the arteries and veins.

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28
Q

What is the digestive system

A

The body’s food processing system

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29
Q

What order does food pass through organs in digestion.

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

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30
Q

Where do you find villi

A

On the surface of the small intestine.

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31
Q

Where are the nutrients absorbed into the blood stream from?

A

The small intestine.

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32
Q

What happen to unusable materials?

A

It awaits disposal in the large intestine.

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33
Q

How is the lining of the stomach protected?

A

There is a coating of mucus.

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34
Q

Do herbivores have canines?

A

No. Because canines are used for biting and tearing meat and herbivores don’t eat meat

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35
Q

What is the chemical that speeds up the rate of chemical digestion?

A

Enzymes

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36
Q

What important activity takes place in the lungs?

A

Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the hairs inside the nose?

A

To stop things like dust getting in your lungs.

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38
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

A sheet of muscle beneath the lungs that is essential for breathing.

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39
Q

What is the organ that pumps blood throughout the human body?

A

Heart

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40
Q

What is the function of blood vessels and capillaries

A

They carry blood to all parts of the body

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41
Q

What is the correct path of blood circulation?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body

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42
Q

What is responsible for helping to heal cuts

A

Blood platelets

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43
Q

Which chamber of the heart has to be the strongest?

A

The left ventricle

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44
Q

Which chamber of the heart contains oxygenated blood?

A

Right atrium

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45
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

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46
Q

Where are valves found?

A

In all blood vessels

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47
Q

Where does oxygenated blood leave the human heart?

A

The aorta

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48
Q

What happens when an enzyme is denatured?

A

It no longer functions

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49
Q

What is peristalsis

A

When the muscles of the oesophagus contract in waves and push the food into the stomach.

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50
Q

What does blood do in the body?

A

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to different parts of the body, takes waste away from cells

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51
Q

What are two types of blood cells

A

Red and white

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52
Q

What colour is the liquid part of blood?

A

Straw/clear

53
Q

What is the liquid part of blood called?

A

Plasma

54
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Form blood clots when you’re hurt and bleed so that you don’t bleed everywhere and the bleeding can stop.

55
Q

What colour is oxygenated blood?

A

Bright red

56
Q

What colour is deoxygenated blood

A

Dark red

57
Q

What does the heart do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood around the body by contracting and relaxing and forming a steady rhythm. It collects deoxygenated blood and reoxygenates it then send it back around the body.

58
Q

How many chambers in the heart?

A

4, left and right atrium and left and right ventricle

59
Q

What do valves in the heart do?

A

Control what comes in and out and stop blood flowing backwards.

60
Q

Which side of the heart is larger? Why?

A

The left side, because it has to pump blood all the way around the body.

61
Q

What size is a human heart.

A

The size of a fist

62
Q

Where does the pulmonary system carry blood to and from?

A

The lungs

63
Q

What is the function of the systemic system?

A

Carries blood away from the heart to the body.

64
Q

What is the name of the vessel that carries blood away from the heart?

A

Aorta

65
Q

What’s the difference between arteries and veins?

A 
Arteries= away from heart
Veins= to the heart
66
Q

Where do you find capillaries

A

Where veins and arteries meet

67
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Allow oxygen and nutrients from the blood to enter body cells

68
Q

Why does blood go through the lungs twice?

A

Body-lungs

lungs-body

69
Q

Which systems work together to provide oxygen o your cells and get rid of carbon dioxide?

A

Respiratory and circulatory

70
Q

Which systems provide your cells with energy?

A

Digestive and circulatory and respiratory

71
Q

Which systems transport nutrients to your cells

A

Digestive and circulatory

72
Q

What is the word equation for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water + energy

73
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Digestion that uses the physical factors such as chewing with teeth

74
Q

Chemical digestion

A

The chemical reactions changing food into a simpler substance that can be absorbed into the blood for use in other parts of the body.

75
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Passage from the mouth to the anus. Digestion of food occurs as it moves through the canal.

76
Q

Enzymes

A

Chemicals that speed up reactions but are themselves not used up in the reaction

77
Q

Saliva

A

Watery substance in the mouth that moistens food before swallowing

78
Q

Salivary glands

A

Glands in the mouth that produce saliva.

79
Q

Bolus

A

Round, chewed up ball of food made in the mouth that makes swallowing easier.

80
Q

Oesophagus

A

Part of the digestive systems composed of a tube connecting the mouth wit the stomach.

81
Q

Peristalsis

A

The process of pushing food along the oesophagus or small intestine by the actions of muscles.

82
Q

Stomach

A

A large muscular organ that churns and ,Ives food with gastric juice to start to break down protein.

83
Q

Small intestine.

A

The part of the digestive system between the stomach and the large intestine, where much of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients takes place.

84
Q

Absorption

A

Th taking in of a substance, for example the intestine to the surrounding capillaries

85
Q

Nutrients.

A

Substances that provide energy and chemicals that all living things need to survive, grow and reproduce

86
Q

Bile

A

A substance produced by the liver that helps digest fats and oils.

87
Q

Gall bladder

A

A small organ that stores and concentrates bile within the body.

88
Q

Lipids

A

Types of nutrients that include fats and oils.

89
Q

Lipases

A

Enzymes that break fats and oils down into fatty acids and glycerol.

90
Q

Amylase

A

An enzyme in saliva that breaks starch down into sugar

91
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes that break proteins down into animo acids.

92
Q

Pancreas

A

A large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes.

93
Q

Colon

A

The part of the large intestine where a food mass passes from the small intestine and where water and other remaining essential nutrients are absorbed into the body.

94
Q

Large intestine

A

The part of the digestive system where water is absorbed from waste before it is transported out of the body.

95
Q

Vitamin d

A

Helps control levels of calcium and phosphate. Helps promote the healthy growth and remodelling of bones.

96
Q

Cellulose

A

A natural substance tat keep the cell wall of a plant rigid.

97
Q

Rectum

A

The final section of the digestive system where waste is stored before being excretes from the anus.

98
Q

Anus

A

The final part of the digestive system where faeces is passed as waste

99
Q

Emulsify

A

Combine 2 liquids that don’t normally mix easily

100
Q

Denatured

A

The state of proteins after they have been overheated

101
Q

Substrate

A

Substance acted upon by an enzyme.

102
Q

Product

A

New chemical substance after a chemical reaction.

103
Q

Burping

A

The release of swallowed gas through the mouth

104
Q

Heart burn

A

Burning sensation caused by stomach acid rising onto the oesophagus

105
Q

Flatulence

A

A release of gas from the anus. The gas is produced by bacteria in the large intestine.

106
Q

Diarrhoea

A

Excessive discharge of watery faeces.

107
Q

Oxygen

A

A gas in the air that animals breathe in.

108
Q

Cellular respiration.

A

The chemical reaction involving oxygen that move the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body s able to use the energy contained in the ATP.

109
Q

Glucose

A

Simple sugar

110
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

A gas in the air produces by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis

111
Q

Respiratory system

A

The body system involving the lungs Ned associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen.

112
Q

Epiglottis

A

Leaf-like flp of tissue/ cartilage behind the tongue that closes the air passage during swallowing.

113
Q

Trachea.

A

Narrow tube through which air passes through from the mouth to the lungs.

114
Q

Lungs

A

The organ for breathing in air. Gas exchange occurs here.

115
Q

Bronchi

A

The narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system.

116
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs at the end f the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from the alveoli into surrounding blood vessels.

117
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

Blood from which the oxygen has been removed

118
Q

Pulmonary vine

A

The vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart.

119
Q

Left atrium

A

Upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heat.

120
Q

Left ventricle

A

Lower left section of the heart which pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. It’s the strongest part of the heart.

121
Q

Aorta

A

A large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped out of the body at high pressure from the left ventricle.

122
Q

Arteriolar

A

Vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries.

123
Q

Venues

A

Small veins

124
Q

Right atrium

A

Upper right section of the heart where deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart.

125
Q

Right ventricle

A

Lower right section of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

126
Q

Diaphragm

A

Flexible, dome-shaped, muscular layer separating the chest and abdomen. Necessary for breathing.

127
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum amount of air you can breathe in or out at one time.

128
Q

Gastric juice

A

A thin, clear, virtually colourless fluid secreted by the stomach glands ans active in promoting digestion.

129
Q

Animo acids

A

A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl and an animo group.

Science (6 decks)

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