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Geology Flashcards

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1
Q

Fossils of ancient crystals are most likely found in:

A

Sedimentary rocks.

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2
Q

What are two examples of sedimentary rocks?

A

Sandstone and conglomerate

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3
Q

What material erupts from a volcano?

A

Lava

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4
Q

What is a common igneous rock?

A

Basalt

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5
Q

A sample of obsidian has no visible crystals because it:

A

Cooled too quickly when it was formed

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6
Q

Erosion is:

A

The movement of soil and rock from one place to another.

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7
Q

A rock formed below the surface of th earth is:

A

Intrusive

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8
Q

What can be called a fossil?

A

Dinosaur bones
Impressions of the skin of an ancient fish
An impression of the leaf of an ancient plant

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9
Q

What type of fossil is a dinosaur footprint?

A

Trace fossil

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10
Q

In which type of rocks are dinosaur fossils most likely to be found?

A

Sedimentary

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11
Q

Why do we have to access some minerals?

A

Because some minerals only form underground

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12
Q

If there are. Layers of sedimentary rock in a road cutting, which is the oldest?

A

The bottom layer.

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13
Q

Is magma called lava when it leaves a volcano?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Is sandstone a sedimentary rock?

A

Yes

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15
Q

On moh’s scale, can a diamond be scratched by corundum?

A

No

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16
Q

Do igneous rocks contain fossils?

A

No

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17
Q

Is the movement of broken down rocks called weathering?

A

No

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18
Q

Do trace fossils show us how an animal has lived?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Are metamorphic rocks formed when other rocks are changed by heat and/ or pressure?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Is erosion the term used to describe the break down of rocks?

A

No

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21
Q

Is streak the colour of a mineral in powdered form?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Do rocks that cool slowly have small crystals?

A

No they have large crystals.

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23
Q

What is magma called when it leaves a volcano?

A

Lava

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24
Q

What type of rock is sandstone?

A

Sandstone is a sedimentary rock.

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25
Q

What rocks are fossils found in?

A

Sedimentary

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26
Q

What is weathering?

A

The break down of rocks

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27
Q

What do trace fossils tell us?

A

They show us how an animal lived

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28
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

When other rocks are changed by heat and/ or pressure

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29
Q

What is erosion?

A

The movement of broken down rocks by water, wind, rivers and more.

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30
Q

What is streak?

A

The colour of a mineral in powdered form.

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31
Q

What size crystals will rocks that cooled slowly have?

A

Large crystals.

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32
Q

How does a sedimentary rock change to a metamorphic rock?

A

Heat and pressure

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33
Q

How does a sedimentary rock change to sediments?

A

Weathering and erosion

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34
Q

How do sediments change to sedimentary rocks?

A

Compaction and cemention

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35
Q

How do metamorphic rocks change to sediments?

A

Weathering and erosion

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36
Q

How do metamorphic rocks change to magma?

A

Melting

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37
Q

How does magma change to an igneous rock?

A

Cooling

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38
Q

How does am igneous rock change to magma?

A

Melting

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39
Q

How does an igneous rock change to a metamorphic rock?

A

Heat and pressure

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40
Q

How does an igneous rock change to sediments?

A

Weathering and erosion.

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41
Q

What type of rock:

Marble is a rock that is formed from limestone

A

Metamorphic

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42
Q

What type of rock:

Shale is a layered rock made from dried mud

A

Sedimentary

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43
Q

What type of rock:

Basalt is formed from molten rock, and does not contain fossils

A

Igneous

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44
Q

What type of rock:

Limestone is composed of shell sediments

A

Sedimentary

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45
Q

What type of rock:

Pumice is a light weight rock that is formed from volcanic eruptions

A

Igneous

46
Q

What type of rock:

Gneiss is a hard rock formed from granite

A

Metamorphic

47
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering is the break down of rocks and erosion is the movement of these broken down rocks through water or wind.

48
Q

What are the steps in a fossil being formed?

A

An animal dies, its skeleton settles on the sea floor and is buried by sediment.
The sediment surrounding the skeletons thickens and begins to turn to stone.
The skeleton dissolves and a mould is formed.
Minerals crystallise inside the mould and a cast is formed
The fossil is exposed on the earths surface

49
Q

A scientist who studies rocks and the history of earth:

A

Geologist

50
Q

The process of breaking down rocks by wind, water, ice and sunlight:

A

Weathering

51
Q

A common rock formed by volcanic lava:

A

Basalt

52
Q

The squashing together of sediment grains:

A

Compaction

53
Q

Broken down rock material is carried away by wind, water or ice:

A

Erosion

54
Q

The type of crystalline rocks formed as molten material cools:

A

Igneous

55
Q

A rock changed from its original form by heat and pressure from nearby magma:

A

Metamorphic

56
Q

Limestone becomes this when it is metamorphosed:

A

Marble

57
Q

Particles with their on chemical composition and characteristics which make up a rock:

A

Minerals

58
Q

Rocks with mineral grains that fit together on all edges and tend to have a sparkly appearance:

A

Crystalline

59
Q

The sticking together of sediment grains by dissolved chemicals:

A

Cementation

60
Q

The type of rock produced from sandstone under heat and pressure:

A

Quartzite

61
Q

The method used to date rocks based on the amounts of radioactive materials they contain:

A

Radiometric

62
Q

The remains of dead animals and plants found in sedimentary rocks:

A

Fossils

63
Q

A well know igneous rock formed when molten magma cools slowly:

A

Granite

64
Q

Sandstone

A

Sedimentary rock formed from sand

65
Q

Marble

A

Metamorphic rock formed from limestone and used for sculpture

66
Q

Shale

A

Sedimentary rock. Also known as mudstone

67
Q

Gneiss

A

Metamorphic rock formed from the igneous rock granite.

68
Q

Basalt

A

Igneous volcanic rock with small crystals made when lava cools

69
Q

Conglomerate

A

Sedimentary rock that resembles concrete

70
Q

Pumicestone

A

Igneous rock with holes, and can float on water

71
Q

Granite

A

Igneous plutonic rock formed when magma cools slowly

72
Q

Quartzite

A

Metamorphic rock formed from the sedimentary rock sandstone

73
Q

Limestone

A

Sedimentary rock made from shells and coral

74
Q

Slate

A

Metamorphic rock formed from shale and used for tiling

75
Q

Describe limestone

A

Animal skeletons, fizzes in acid

76
Q

Wha is the difference between shale and mudstone

A

Shale is flakey due to heat and pressure and is made from mudstone

77
Q

In what way are siltstone and conglomerate similar?

A

They are both made from fragments of rocks

78
Q

Geology:

A

The study of earth, its rocks, minerals, earthquakes, fossils and much more

79
Q

Mineral:

A

A naturally occurring substance with its own particular chemical composition and structure

80
Q

Crystal:

A

Minerals found in the earths crust in beautiful shapes

81
Q

Native metal:

A

Minerals are made up of only one metal element. Gold, silver and platinum are native metals.

82
Q

What are the properties that help geologists find what minerals are?

A 
Lustre
Pigment
Streak
Hardness
Texture
83
Q

Lustre

A

The way a mineral reflects light

84
Q

Pigment

A

The colour of a mineral

85
Q

Streak

A

The colour of a powder made from a mineral. Streak can be seen when a mineral is rubbed on an unglazed white tile

86
Q

Hardness

A

A mineral is harder than Han another if it is able to scratch it, without getting scratched itself. Hardness is measured by moh’s scale. A Scale of hardness from 1-10

87
Q

Texture

A

Texture relates to how large the individual mineral grains are in the rock

88
Q

Rocks:

A

Made up of minerals ( usually more than 6)

89
Q

Ores

A

Rocks or minerals that contain elements that may be extracted for profit. Iron is extracted from an ore called haematite

90
Q

Metals

A

The metal elements used to make things are all found in minerals in the earths crust. Most of the metal elements are combined with other elements in compounds, usually with oxygen, silicon, or other non metals. These compounds are minerals

91
Q

When can the mining of an ore take place

A

Only if enough of it is found in a single place.

92
Q

What is the aim of mining

A

To make a profit

93
Q

How do geologists find minerals.

A

They make use of satellites equipped with cameras, radar and other sensors to search for geological features taht are likely to contain high concentrations of minerals to find minerals.

94
Q

What must happen before mining can commence?

A

An environmental impact statement must be prepared. This outlines how the mining company intend to manage all environmental aspects of the mine. Including how they will dispose of waste and how they will rehabilitate the area.

95
Q

Open cut mines:

A

Used when mineral ore is found close to the surface. An overburden of soil is removed and the ore is dredged out, creating benches. Benches are also used as access roads to haul the ore to the surface b truck.

96
Q

Open cut mine, disadvantages:

A

Sight lines, pooling of water, dust blown into surrounding areas, destruction of land above the ore, repair of land after mining ceases.

97
Q

Underground mines

A

If the mineral ore is dead below the surface, underground mining is undertaken. Shafts and tunnels are digger up to 4 kilometres into the ground to reach the rocks containing the mineral ore.

98
Q

Underground mine, advantages:

A

Used for mining deep ores

99
Q

Underground mine, disadvantages:

A

Water penetration, possible collapse,venting of poisonous and explosive gases, provision of fresh air for the miners.

100
Q

How do rocks occur

A

In families based on how they were formed

101
Q

Igneous rock

A

Form when magma or lava below the earth cools to a solid

102
Q

Extrusive igneous rocks

A

Form when magma cools on the earths surface

103
Q

Intrusive rocks

A

When igneous form from magma below the surface of the ground.

E.g. Granite, bast, obsidian, pumice

104
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Rocks that are formed from deposits that cement together over time. They are often deposited in water or muddy conditions. These sediments can be grains of sand, remains of sea organisms, dead plants

E.g. Coal, limestone, sandstone

105
Q

What do sedimentary rocks tell us

A

What the earths surface was Ike in the geologic past. They can contain fossils that tell us about the animals and plants or show the climate in the areas.

106
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Any rock that is under great heat pressure pr both. The term metamorphic means to change form.

E.g. Quartzite, slate, marble

107
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Changes in the heat and pressure conditions cause the minerals in the rock to become unstable so they either reorient themselves into layers or recrystallise into larger crystals. All without undergoing melting.

108
Q

Weathering

A

The breaking up of a rock into smaller pieces.

109
Q

Erosion

A

The movement of weathered rock. They may be moved by wind, rainwater, streams and rivers. Even accidentally by human vehicles

110
Q

What is a fossil

A

Evidence of living things preserved in rocks. Evidence of the very oldest living things is hidden within the deepest and oldest layers of the earth.

111
Q

What is a scientist who studies fossils called

A

A palaeontologist

112
Q

What do layers of sedimentary rocks help with?

A

They help to find out what events took place there.

Science (6 decks)

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