living anatomy lower limb sdl

Question 1

The round shape of the gluteal region is due to what muscle?

Answer 1

The gluteus maximus

Question 2

What does the gluteal marks signify?

Answer 2

The inferior border of the gluteus maximus

The border between the gluteal region and the posterior compartment of the thigh

Question 3

In what individuals can you see the muscles and tendons underlining the skin of the posterior thigh?

Answer 3

Toned individuals

Question 4

How can the muscles and tendons be palpated?

Answer 4

Ask the patient to contrat the muscle of interest against resistance

Question 5

Which 3 of the quadricep muscles are visible in the anterior surface of the thigh?

Answer 5

The vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and rectus femoris

Question 6

Why is bony landmarks important in physical examination and surgery?

Answer 6

To be able to evaluate normal development
Detect and access fractures/dislocations
Locate blood vessels and nerve

Question 7

What are the attachments of the iliac crest?

Answer 7

From the ASIS to the PSIS

Question 8

Why is it hard to palpate the PSIS?

Answer 8

it is surrounded by fat

Question 9

How can the PSIS be located?

Answer 9

It can be located by permanent skin diples that are lateral to the midline.
They are formed by the overlining fascia attached to the PSIS

Question 10

At what level does the line joining the permanent skin diples pass? What structures does it intersect?

Answer 10

Passess through the S2 spinous process.

Run through the midlien of the sacroiliac joint and also the bifurcation of the iliac arteries

Question 11

What structure termiantes at the level of S2?

Answer 11

The lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord

Question 12

What is the supracristal plane?

Answer 12

A line joining the highest points of the iliac crest passing through the intervertebral discs between L4 and L5

Question 13

What clinical procedure is the landmarks for intervertebral disc between L4 and L5 be useful for?

Answer 13

Lumbar puncture

Question 14

What bone of the leg can be palpated at all times?

Answer 14

The tibia can be palpated at all times

Question 15

what surface of the tibia is it most prominant and why?

Answer 15

The anteromedial surface of the tibia is most prominant because it is only covered by skin and thin layer of subcutaneous fat

Question 16

Where is the femoral triangle?

Answer 16

Anterior surface of the thigh

Question 17

What would be the use of access of the femoral artery for a interventional radiologist?

Answer 17

To be able to access the arterial system and insert a catheter or stent into any part of the body including the coronary and carotid arteries

Question 18

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

Answer 18

Superiorly is the inguinal ligament
Laterally is the sartorius
Medially is adductor longus

Question 19

What makes up the floor and roof of the femoral triangle?

Answer 19

roof is fascia lata and skin
Floor
Medially is pectineus and adductor longus
Laterally is iliopsoas

Question 20

Content of the femoral triangle? Lateral to medial

Answer 20

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery –> most superfecial
Femoral vein
Inguinal lymph nodes

Question 21

Where is the popliteal fossa?

Answer 21

Posteiror to the knee

Question 22

What are the borders of the popiteal fossa?

Answer 22

Superomedially: Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus
Superolaterally: Long head of Bicep femoris
Inferomedially: Is medial head of gastrocnemius
Inferolaterally: Lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris

Question 23

From superficial to deep what are the structures within the popliteal fossa?

Answer 23

Tibial nerve
Popliteal vein
Popliteal artery
Small sphaenous vein 
Common fibular nerve
Lymph nodes

Question 24

Where is the common fibular nerve found:?

Answer 24

It wraps around the neck of the fibula.
Palpate the head of the fibula and then move inferiroly where you can feel the common fibular nerve wrapped around the neck.

Question 25

What are the 4 pulse points in the lower limb?

Answer 25

Femoral pulse
Popliteal pulse
Posterior tibial pulse
Dorsalis pedis pulse

Question 26

What position should you have the lower limb to make it easier to palpate the popiteal artery?

Answer 26

Have the patient flex there leg but have there foot resting on the ground

Question 27

Where is posterior tibial pulse palpated?

Answer 27

Posterior to medial malleolus

Question 28

Where is dorslis pedis pulse palpated?

Answer 28

Lateral to the extensor hallucis longus

Question 29

Why is it important to assess all the pulse points in the lower limb?

Answer 29

To be able to identify where the occlusion/thrombosis is

Question 30

Where do the superfecial veins of the lower limb originate from?

Answer 30

The dorsal venous arch

Question 31

What is the route of the superfecial veins of the lower limb?

Answer 31

The small saphenous vein runs into the popiteal vein that goes into the femoral vein

While the long saphenous vein runs up all along the medial side of the thigh into the femoral artery

Question 32

Where is the best place to test the L3 dermatome?

Answer 32

Knee

Question 33

What is the myotomes of medial and lateral rotation of the hip?

Answer 33

Medial rotation: L1,2,3

Lateral rotation: L5,S1

Question 34

What is the myotomes for abduction and adduction of the hip?

Answer 34

Adduction is: L1,2,3,4

Abduction is: L5,S1

Question 35

What is the myotomes for flexion and extension of the hip?

Answer 35

Flexion is: L2,3

Extension is: L4,5

Question 36

What is the myotomes for flexion and extension of the knee?

Answer 36

Flexion: L3,4
Extension: L5,S1

Question 37

What is the myotomes of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle?

Answer 37

Dorsiflexion:L4,5
Plantarflexion: S1,S2

Question 38

What is the myotomes for inversion and eversion of the ankle?

Answer 38

Inversion:L4,L5
Eversion:L5,S1

Question 39

What is the myotomes for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the toes? At the metatarsophalangeal and phalangeal joints

Answer 39

Dorsiflexion:L5,S1
Plantarflexion: S1,S2