Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Abdomen > Liver Physiology > Flashcards

Liver Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The liver is considered the “_____” organ in charge of several

A

Powerhouse organ
In charge of several important functions required for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The liver has how many functions

A

500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does bile formation occur

A

Hepatocytes secrete bile material into bile canalciuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is in the secreted bile material

A

Cholesterol
Bile salts
Mucin
Bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 metabolic functions

A

Building up, breaking down, altering molecules to produce needed substances
Storage of unneeded substances
Release of energy
Neutralize toxic substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is carbohydrate metabolism and what are the processes that do this

A

Process that maintains blood sugar equilibrium
Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are is the reason for glycogenesis and how does the liver respond

A

Prevent hyperglycemia
Liver stores extra sugars as glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are is the reason for glycogenolysis and how does the liver respond

A

Prevent hypoglycemia
Liver converts glycogen into glucose and releases into general circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the stored form of sugar called

A

Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

Creation of sugars from fats and proteins when there isn’t enough sugars in storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 ways of fat metabolism
Liver converts ___ into more ___ form ____
Liver converts __% of ____ into ___ ___ and secretes into ___ ___
Remaining __% of ____ is carried into the ____ to other cells by ____

A

Converts fats into more “usable” form - lipoproteins
Liver converts 80% of cholesterol into bile salts and secretes into bile ducts
Remaining 20% of cholesterol is carried into blood stream to other cells by lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amino acids are the

A

Building blocks of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is amino acid synthesis and what is it accomplished by

A

Liver makes/alters amino acids to provide needed proteins
Accomplished by enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 important enzymes for assessing liver function

A

AST - Aspartate Aminotransfersae
ALT - Alanine Aminotransfersae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

AST is also known as

A

SGOT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ALT is also known as

A

SGPT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where can liver enzymes be found

A

In liver cells and minimally detected in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

With acute hepatocellcular disease blood levels in ALT & AST will

A

Both rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acute hepatocellular disease will cause

A

Destruction of liver cells releasing their contents into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T or F
AST & ALT are not significantly affected by biliary obstruction

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Protein synthesis have proteins related to

A

Blood coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 2 types of protein synthesis

A

Albumin Synthesis
Globulin synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the proteins related to blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which proteins are clotting proteins

A

Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which protein is the anticoagulant protein

A

Heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The production of proteins requires

A

Vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Albumin synthesis is the large protein responisble for

A

Regulating fluid balance in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

If the production of albumin synthesis is disrupted what will happen and what will the results be

A

Fluid accumulated outside the blood vessels
Results:
Acsites, pleural effusion, edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is globulin synthesis

A

Blood protein related to immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does the detoxification of blood work

A

Both internally & externally produced toxins are absorbed from the environment can be metabolized by the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ammonia is a toxic ___ of protein breakdown and is converted into

A

Toxic protein
Converted into urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some other functions of the liver

A

Storage site
Phagocytosis
Blood reservoir
Source for body heat
Formation of lymph fluid

33
Q

Commonly you will hear these collectively referred to as LFT’s

A

Liver function tests

34
Q

What are the serum proteins

A

Total proteins
Serum globulins
Serum albumins

35
Q

Total protein ____ with liver dysfunction but not specific to ___ ___

A

Decreases, not specific to liver disease

36
Q

Analysis of specific proteins can ____ specificity

A

Increase

37
Q

Elevated serum levels of AST/ALT can indicate

A

Hepatocytes are damaged

38
Q

AST & ALT can also be found in

A

Muscle and brain cells

39
Q

Max serum elevations occur within what acute conditions

A

Acute viral hepatitis
Drug induced liver damage
Severe liver congestion

40
Q

Alkaline phosphate (ALP) is a liver enzyme which is normally

A

Excreted into bile

41
Q

What other tissue produce ALP

A

Bone
Teeth
Kidneys
Intestines

42
Q

Serum levels will _____ with __-__ ___ obstruction

A

Increase
Post-hepatic biliary obstruction

43
Q

What is prothrombin time

A

Measurement of time it takes for sample of blood to clot when thromboplastin is added

44
Q

What is the normal prothrombin time

A

12 seconds

45
Q

Anything higher than 12 seconds of prothrombin time increases risk of

A

Uncontrolled bleeding

46
Q

Any increased PT indicated ___ prothrombin producting in the liver which can be due to what 2 things

A

Decreased prothrombin
Hepatocellular disease
Vitamik K deficiency

47
Q

Yellow bile pigment formed from the hemoglobin portion destroyed by RBC’s

A

Bilirubin

48
Q

Bilirubin usually happens in what 3 places in the body

A

Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow

49
Q

Initially bilirubin is not ___ ___ and must be carried throughout the _____ by ____

A

Water soluble
Carried throughout the blood stream
By albumin

50
Q

The inital non water-soluble bilirubin is called

A

indirect or unconjugated

51
Q

Bilirubin is carried to the ___ and taken by the ____

A

Liver
Taken by hepatocytes

52
Q

What cells convert indirect bilirubin and what do they get converted into ___/___ which is ___ ___

A

Liver cells convert
Converted into direct/conjugated which is water soluble

53
Q

Hepatocytes secrete bilirubin into the

A

Bile canaliculi in the lobules

54
Q

Jaundice can be shown by elevated levels of

A

Bilirubin in the blood and tissues

55
Q

What are the 2 types of jaundice

A

Medial/non obstructive
Surgical/obstructive

56
Q

What are the 2 types of medial jaundice

A

Hemolytic jaundice
Hepatocellular jaundice

57
Q

What are the signs of hemolytic jaundice

A

Abnorally large # of RBC’s being destroyed
Indirect bilirubin is elevated
Hepatocytes can’t handle quantity

58
Q

Hepatocellcular jaundice is caused by

A

Hepatocyte inflammation
Fibrosis bile cannot be properly excreted into bile canaliculi

59
Q

What is a sign of hepatocellular jaundice

A

Direct bilirubin is elevated

60
Q

Surgical jaundice is the

A

Obstruction of bile out flow

61
Q

Obstruction of bile out flow is caused by

A

Stone in CBD
Mass in CBD, head of pancreas or duodenum
Inflammatory stricture in CBD

62
Q

What can be a sign of surgical jaundice

A

Direct bilirubin elevated

63
Q

What is alpha-fetoprotein

A

Protein normally formed in the fetal liver and yolk sac

64
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein can only be found in ____ amounts after ___

A

Trace amounts after birth

65
Q

Alpha-fetoproteins are elevated in

A

Non pregnant adults by HCC

66
Q

What is the process of sonographic liver evaluation

A

No prep
Thorough and systematic
Scan in both long and transverse planes
Use landmarks to identitfy location

67
Q

What is the normal sonographic appearance of the liver

A

Homogenous
Echogenic margins
Medium level echoes
Easy visualization of vessels and diaphragm

68
Q

What is the comparative echogenicity of the liver to the renal parenchyma

A

Liver is isoechoic or minimally hyperechoic to normal renal parenchyma

69
Q

What is the comparative echogenicity of the liver to the pancreas

A

Liver is hypoechoic to pancreas

70
Q

What is the comparative echogenicity of the liver to the spleen

A

Liver is isoechoic or hypoechoic to the spleen

71
Q

What is the hepatic size measured in and what is the normal measurement

A

Sagittal plane at mid clavicular line
15 cm or less

72
Q

What is the measurement of a hepatomegaly

A

More than 15 cm

73
Q

In transverse you measure the caudate love from the

A

Edge of MPV to left lateral margin

74
Q

In transverse you measure the right lobe from the

A

Right lateral margin to edge of MPV

75
Q

What is the normal caudate lobe to right lobe ratio

A

0.65

76
Q

The CL/RL ratio is increased by

A

Cirrhosis

77
Q

What are the structures in the liver visible in the transverse plane

A

Diaphragm
Dome of liver
Hepativ cein confluence
Ascending LPV
MPV/RPV
Falciform ligament
GB

78
Q

What are the structures in the liver visible in the longitudinal plane

A

Lateral top of left lobe
Left liver/aorta/gastroesophageal junction
RPV/GB/MLF
Liver/Right kidney
Lateral margin or right lobe

Abdomen (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions