Liver Disorders Flashcards
Digestion, Hepatitis
what is the role of Albumin
maintains intravascular colloid osmotic pressure
phases of hepatitis
- PRODROMAL PHASE
- ICTERIC PHASE - (5-10 DAYS AFTER INTIAL S/S)
- CONVALESCENT PHASE-(2-3 WEEKS OF ACUTE ILLNESS)
The “TIPS” procedure is completed to relieve______
Portal Hypertension
Hematologic problems often seen with cirrhosis
Thrombocytopenia
Neutropenia
TOTAL BILIRUBIN
normal lab values
0.1 - 1.2 mg/dl
NORMAL LAB VALUES FOR :
ALT…
AST…
BILIRUBIN…
ALT 4-36 units/L
AST 0-35 units/L
BILI 0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL
Three (3) medications that can cause liver damage and require sporadic liver function testing be performed
1) ALLOPURINOL
2) ISONIAZID
3) DILANTIN
Vitamin Deficiencies of Cirrhosis (3)
1) Decreased Vitamin K
2) Decreased Vitamin A
3) Decreased Folic Acid
NORMAL BILIRUBIN VALUES
0.1 - 1.2
S/S of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
- increased abdominal pain
- Increased ascites
- fever
- worsening encephalopathy
HEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS with CIRRHOSIS (2)
1) THROMBOCYTOPENIA (platelets <150,000)
2) NEUTROPENIA (ANC <1,500)
_____________ is the byproduct of protein metabolism
ammonia
Four (4) signs of Esophageal Varices
1) Distended vessels in esophagus
2) Hematemesis
3) Melena (dark tarry stools)
4) S/S of shock
acute bacterial infection of ascetic fluid
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonits (SBP)
HGB
normal lab values
12 - 18
NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR:
HEPATIC ENCEPALOPATHY
- ASSESS LOC
- LOW PROTEIN DIET
- SERUM AMMONIA LEVEL
- LACTULOSE
- SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
WITH CIRRHOSIS—-what labs do we expect to be DECREASED?
- -Albumin
- -Total Protein
- -RBC
- -HGB
- -HCT
- -PLTS
daily max dose of Tylenol for patient with healthy liver
4 grams
PLATELETS
normal lab values
150 - 400
NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR:
BALANCE FLUID OVERLOAD
- DAILY WEIGHT
- I / O
- MEASURE ABDOMINAL GIRTH
- FOCUSED REPIRATORY ASSESSMENT
- ADMINISTER DIURETICS
Functions of Liver (7)
GAACVDB
“Girls Are Always Chasing Very Dumb Boys”
G---Glucose Metabolism/Storage A---Albumin production A---Ammonia to Urea C---Clotting factor production V---Vitamin absorption D---Drug Metabolism B---Bilirubin excretion
Absorption of _______ vitamins are decreased with liver disease
fat soluble
What is Melena?
Tarry Stool typically seen with UPPER GI bleeds (ie, esophagus, stomach, duodenum)
NORMAL SERUM AMMONIA VALUES
15-45
Why does ascites cause SOB?
-increased pressure on diaphragm causing pleural effusion of lungs leading to SOB
Four (4) risk factors for developing Cirrhosis
1) ETOH abuse
2) Chronic Hepatitis B or C
3) Acetaminophen use
4) IV Drug use
Cirrhosis typically caused by (3) things:
1) ETOH abuse
2) Viral Hepatitis
3) Medication
Medications used in the management of cirrhosis
Spironolactone (aldactone)-diuretic
Furosemide (LASIX)-diuretic
Lactulose (Cephulac)-Reduces ammonia level
Vitamin K-Fat soluble vitamin
Assessment of Hepatic Encephalopathy (4)
1) Increased Ammonia (15-45)
2) Mental Status Changes
3) Asterixis (AKA: Liver Flap of hands)
4) Fetor Hepaticus (Sour-fecal smell to breath)
Liver converts ________ to urea to be excreted by the kidneys
ammonia
S/S of SBP (4)
(Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis)
1) Increased abdominal pain
2) Increased ascites
3) FEVER
4) Worsening Encephalopathy
Three (3) main problems to assess in patient with liver disease…and why?
1) Bleeding problems (r/t decreased clotting factors)
2) Toxin problems (r/t elevated ammonia & bilirubin)
3) Fluid problem (r/t increased fluid retention)
NORMAL PT LAB VALUES
10-13 SECONDS
(True/False) Lactulose can only be given PO
False. It can be administered rectally and PO
CLIENT EDUCATION WITH CIRRHOSIS
- AVOID ETOH
- SODIUM, PROTEIN, FLUID RESTRICTIONS
- REPORT S/S OF GI BLEEDING
- SKIN CARE
NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR:
SKIN INTEGRITY
- WARM WATER
- LOTION FOR DRY SKIN
- ANTIHISTAMINES
PROTHROMBIN (PT)
normal lab values
10 - 13 seconds
AMMONIA (normal lab values)
15 - 45
Portal HTN can cause _________ and ______ and______
Esophageal Varices
Ascites
Spleenomegaly
NORMAL PROTEIN LAB VALUES
6 - 8
The scar tissue in the liver blocks blood flow through the liver causing backup the venous system known as__________________
Portal HTN
TOTAL PROTEIN (Normal lab Values)
6-8 g/dl
ALT
normal lab values
4 - 36 units/L
RBC
normal lab values
4 - 6
Assessment of ascites
Increased Abdominal Girth Weight Gain Dyspnea 3rd spacing (NA and water retention) decreased serum albumin
Ammonia levels are typically _______ with liver disease
NORMAL VALUES?
elevated
(NORMAL) = 15-45
acute bacterial infection of ascitic fluid is called_____
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP)
ammonia is the byproduct of ___________metabolism
protein
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER
HEPATITIS
NORMAL ALBUMIN LAB VALUES
3.5 - 5 g/dl
__________ is produced by the breakdown of RBC’s which then get excreted by the liver
BILIRUBIN
ALBUMIN LAB VALUES (Normal)
3.5 - 5 g/dl
Assessment of patient with Esophageal Varices (4)
1) Distended vessel in esophagus (r/t yo Portal HTN)
2) Hematemesis (vomiting blood)
3) Melena (Tarry Stool-seen with upper GI bleeding)
___Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum
4) S/S of Shock
**Rapid breathing/pulse
**cool, pale, clammy skin
**N/V
**Enlarged Pupils
decreased excretion of bilirubin leads to a condition called ___________
Jaundice
NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR:
NUTRITION
- WEIGH DAILY
- SMALL MEALS W/SNACKS
- VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS
- DIET: HIGH CARBS-LOW PROTEIN-LOW SODIUM
How is albumin affected by a diseased liver?
Normal lab values for Albumin?
decreased albumin
(NORMAL)= 3.5 - 5 g/dl
Complications of CIRRHOSIS (2)
1) Hepatic Encephalopathy
2) Esophageal Varices
why is the patient with liver disease at an increased risk for bleeding?
decreased production of clotting factors
End stage chronic liver disease is known as _________
Cirrhosis
Fat Soluble Vitamins (BAD FOLK)
- Vitamin B-12
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Folic Acid
- Vitamin K
NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR:
BLEEDING RISK
- MONITOR VSS
- INSTITUTE BLEEDING PRECAUTIONS
- CHECK COAGULATION PROFILES
- TEST STOOL-EMESIS FOR BLOOD
___________ is produced by the breakdown of RBC’s
BILIRUBIN
Four (4) signs of Hepatic encepalopathy
1) elevated ammonia level
2) Mental Status change
3) Asterixis
4) fetor hepaticus
HCT
normal lab values
37 - 52%
This medication is given to decrease the amount of ammonia absorbed into the blood
Lactulose (Cephulac)
ASSESSMENT OF CIRRHOSIS (14)
Jesse and shanna palmer, finally shanna gray found HAPPE (JASPFSGFHAPPE) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Jaundice Ascites Spider Angiomas Palmar Erythema Fetor Hepaticus Striae on abdomen Gynecomastia/Hirsuism Fatigue Hepatosplenomegaly Altered LOC Pruritis Petchiae Edema Esophageal Varices
Tylenol is contraindicated for which two patients?
RENAL or HEPATIC patients
RISK FACTORS FOR CIRRHOSIS (4)
1) etoh abuse
2) chronic viral HEP C/HEP B
3) acetaminophen abuse (4grams/day is max)
4) IV DRUG USE
AST
normal lab values
0 - 35 units/L
WHY IS THE LIVER BIOPSY PERFORMED?
To rule out other types of liver disease- It does NOT DX cirrhosis