liver and hepatobiliary system Flashcards
what are the functions of the liver
produces bile
stores excess energy
removes + destroys old/dead RBC’s from circulation + recycles their iron
prevents shortages of nutrients
helps the body fight infections
removes potentially toxic by-products
metabolises/breaks down nutrients from blood
makes cholesterol
produces most proteins
what does bile do
digests fat
helps absorb vitamins A,D,E,K
how is the excess energy stored
as glycogen
what is glycogen released as and when
as glycogen when glucose levels are low
how does the liver help the body fight infections
removes bacteria from blood
portal vein has gut bugs
in the liver which toxic by-products are removed
alcohol
different meds
what does the liver make cholesterol for
for cell membranes
vitamin D
hormone production
enzymes
how much bile is produced daily
250-1000ml
what makes bile
liver hepatocytes
where is bile transported to + how
gallbladder by hepatic bile ducts
what are some important function of bile
- helps digestion + absorption of fats using bile salts
- elimination of insoluble waste products - bilirubin + excess cholesterol
- helps neutralise gastric acid in the duodenum using HCO3-
what is bile made from
bile salts
waster products
electrolytes
water
bile -full explanation
- 250-1000ml daily
- made by liver hepatocytes + transported to gallbladder via hepatic bile ducts
-
IMPORTANT FUNTIONS
- helps digestion + absorption of fats using bile salts
- elimination of insoluble waste products - bilirubin + excess cholesterol
- helps neutralise gastric acid in the duodenum using HCO3-
- composed of bile salts, waste products, electrolytes, water
what does the gallbladder store
bile produced by the liver
bile salts are ….
amphipathic
why are bile salts amphiphatic
- hydrophilic/lipophobic head
- hydrophobic/lipophobic tail
what shape are bile salts - individual unit
wedge-shaped
what is the gallbladder and where is it located
small pouch that sits under the liver
describe the appearance gallbladder after meals
empty
flat
describe the appearance of the gallbladder before meals
full of bile
size of a small pear
why does the gallbadder squeeze stored bile into SI
in response to signals - mainly CCK
how does the liver remove insoluble waste products from the body
using bile salts
what do signals cause the gallbadder to do with bile
squeeze stored bile into the SI via a series of tubes - duct
what is a risk of removing the gallbladder in healthy patients
risk of diarrhoea + fat malabsorption
where do portal triads lie
at the corner of each liver lobule
what are the 3 things that supply the liver with blood
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
hepatic vein
hepatic artery
20% of blood
branch of aorta
oxygenated blood
hepatic vein
drains into vena cava
sends blood back to heart
hepatic portal vein
80% of blood
absorbed nutrients
toxins
what are the types of jaundice
prehepatic
posthepatic
hepatic
describe prehepatic jaundice conditions
transfusion reactions
sickle cell anaemia
autoimmune disease
thalassemia
describe posthepatic jaundice conditions
gallstones
inflammation
scar tissue
tumours
-block the flow of bile into the intestines
describe hepatic jaundice conditions
hepatitis
cancer cirrhosis
congenital disorders
drugs
how can gallstones be removed
by ERCP
what is ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography
enables the examination of the pancreatic and bile ducts using an endoscope
what is jaundice
yellowing
excess blood bilirubin
bilirubin - accumulate in skin, sclera, mucous membranes
what are the different causes of jaundice
excessive RBC breakdown
impaired hepatocyte uptake/conjugation/excretion
impaired bile flow out of liver due to obstruction
what is a common cause of obstructive jaundice
gallstones
