liver and hepatobiliary system

Question 1

what are the functions of the liver

Answer 1

produces bile
stores excess energy
removes + destroys old/dead RBC’s from circulation + recycles their iron
prevents shortages of nutrients
helps the body fight infections
removes potentially toxic by-products
metabolises/breaks down nutrients from blood
makes cholesterol
produces most proteins

Question 2

what does bile do

Answer 2

digests fat
helps absorb vitamins A,D,E,K

Question 3

how is the excess energy stored

Answer 3

as glycogen

Question 4

what is glycogen released as and when

Answer 4

as glycogen when glucose levels are low

Question 5

how does the liver help the body fight infections

Answer 5

removes bacteria from blood
portal vein has gut bugs

Question 6

in the liver which toxic by-products are removed

Answer 6

alcohol
different meds

Question 7

what does the liver make cholesterol for

Answer 7

for cell membranes
vitamin D
hormone production
enzymes

Question 8

how much bile is produced daily

Answer 8

250-1000ml

Question 9

what makes bile

Answer 9

liver hepatocytes

Question 10

where is bile transported to + how

Answer 10

gallbladder by hepatic bile ducts

Question 11

what are some important function of bile

Answer 11

• helps digestion + absorption of fats using bile salts
• elimination of insoluble waste products - bilirubin + excess cholesterol
• helps neutralise gastric acid in the duodenum using HCO3-

Question 12

what is bile made from

Answer 12

bile salts
waster products
electrolytes
water

Question 13

bile -full explanation

Answer 13

• 250-1000ml daily
• made by liver hepatocytes + transported to gallbladder via hepatic bile ducts
• IMPORTANT FUNTIONS
  
  • helps digestion + absorption of fats using bile salts
  • elimination of insoluble waste products - bilirubin + excess cholesterol
  • helps neutralise gastric acid in the duodenum using HCO3-
• composed of bile salts, waste products, electrolytes, water

Question 14

what does the gallbladder store

Answer 14

bile produced by the liver

Question 15

bile salts are ….

Answer 15

amphipathic

Question 16

why are bile salts amphiphatic

Answer 16

• hydrophilic/lipophobic head
• hydrophobic/lipophobic tail

Question 17

what shape are bile salts - individual unit

Answer 17

wedge-shaped

Question 18

what is the gallbladder and where is it located

Answer 18

small pouch that sits under the liver

Question 19

describe the appearance gallbladder after meals

Answer 19

empty
flat

Question 20

describe the appearance of the gallbladder before meals

Answer 20

full of bile
size of a small pear

Question 21

why does the gallbadder squeeze stored bile into SI

Answer 21

in response to signals - mainly CCK

Question 22

how does the liver remove insoluble waste products from the body

Answer 22

using bile salts

Question 23

what do signals cause the gallbadder to do with bile

Answer 23

squeeze stored bile into the SI via a series of tubes - duct

Question 24

what is a risk of removing the gallbladder in healthy patients

Answer 24

risk of diarrhoea + fat malabsorption

Question 25

where do portal triads lie

Answer 25

at the corner of each liver lobule

Question 26

what are the 3 things that supply the liver with blood

Answer 26

hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
hepatic vein

Question 27

hepatic artery

Answer 27

20% of blood
branch of aorta
oxygenated blood

Question 28

hepatic vein

Answer 28

drains into vena cava
sends blood back to heart

Question 28

hepatic portal vein

Answer 28

80% of blood
absorbed nutrients
toxins

Question 29

what are the types of jaundice

Answer 29

prehepatic
posthepatic
hepatic

Question 30

describe prehepatic jaundice conditions

Answer 30

transfusion reactions
sickle cell anaemia
autoimmune disease
thalassemia

Question 30

describe posthepatic jaundice conditions

Answer 30

gallstones
inflammation
scar tissue
tumours
-block the flow of bile into the intestines

Question 31

describe hepatic jaundice conditions

Answer 31

hepatitis
cancer cirrhosis
congenital disorders
drugs

Question 32

how can gallstones be removed

Answer 32

by ERCP

Question 33

what is ERCP

Answer 33

endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography
enables the examination of the pancreatic and bile ducts using an endoscope

Question 34

what is jaundice

Answer 34

yellowing
excess blood bilirubin
bilirubin - accumulate in skin, sclera, mucous membranes

Question 35

what are the different causes of jaundice

Answer 35

excessive RBC breakdown
impaired hepatocyte uptake/conjugation/excretion
impaired bile flow out of liver due to obstruction

Question 36

what is a common cause of obstructive jaundice

Answer 36

gallstones