Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BODY SYSTEMS - DRE > DRE > Flashcards

DRE Flashcards

1
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

function of mastication

A

-first step of digestion
-mash and crush food - small enough to swallow = bolus
-mix food with saliva
-increase surface area for enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is food called when it is small enough to swallow?

A

bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does mastication involve?

A

-mandible up/down - incisors bite food
-molars side to side - crush food - bolus
tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does chewing generate

A

saliva - necessary for digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the trigeminal nerve also known as?

A

suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does a person feel if there is an issue with the trigeminal nerve

A

suicide nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

muscles of mastication - jaw closing

A

-temporalis
-masserters
-medial pterygoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

muscles of mastication - jaw opening

A

-lateral pterygoid
-innervated by the 5th cranial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does deglutition mean

A

swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the temporalis visible under

A

under fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can you control chewing based on

A

the food you’re eating - learnt over the years as your brain figures it out
sends signals to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the original theory to chewing state

A

can control mastication depending on the type of food eaten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

control of bite - type of chewing modified by what

A

cortex - voluntary control
sensory feedback from dental/periodontal receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sensory feedback from dental/periodontal receptors function

A

-sends info to brain brainstem/CPG
-fine tune rhythmic jaw movements
-prevent excessive forces being applied to tooth
-if biting force INCREASES = inhibit jaw closing
-adapts to food type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where does voluntary control come from

A

the front of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens in order for the muscle to control chewing

A

a message is sent to the chewing centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

central pattern generator is known as

A

chewing centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is chewing

A

repetitive and rhythmical motor activity (similar to locomotion and respiration) controlled by the ‘chewing centre’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

control of mastication is not just an …..

A

involuntary reflex action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

control of mastication can control JAW MOVEMENTS
explain

A

-jaw opening/jaw closing
-bought about by neuronal network in the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

control of mastication can control BITE
explain

A

-great variability
-regulated by food type
-brought about by sensory feedback to the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is deglutition

A

swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

give a brief overview of swallowing

A

-lasts only a few seconds
-coordinated by swallowing centre in medulla
-requires 25 different muscles
-three phases:
1.oral - voluntary
2.pharyngeal - involuntary
3.oesophageal - involuntary
-all-or-none reflex - one started can’t be stopped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what type of reflex is deglutition

A

all or none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

name the 3 phases of deglutition and state whether they are involuntary or voluntary

A

1.oral - voluntary
2.pharyngeal - involuntary
3.oesophageal - involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what phase is deglutition

A

pharyngeal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what happens if deglutition goes wrong

A

-can kill you
-swallowing centre also communicates with the breathing centre and respiration centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pharyngeal phase - deglutition
explain

A

-lasts 1 second
-food activates pressure receptors in palate/pharynx
-impulses to swallowing centre in brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

impulses to swallowing centre - process

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

flap that sits on the top of the trachea
-when swallowing epiglottis closes the opening of the glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where are the 3 places food can go

A

nose
trachea
oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

oesophageal phase - deglutition explain

A

-lasts 8-20 seconds
-sphincters at both ends UOS/LOS
-muscular tube:
1.upper 1/3 - skeletal muscle
2.middle 1/3 - skeletal and smooth muscle
3.terminal 1/3 - smooth muscle
-peristaltic action pushes food down
-controlled by swallowing centre
-LOS opens to allow food into the stomach

34
Q

what is peristalsis controlled by

A

-extrinsic vagal nerves
-intrinsic enteric nerves

35
Q

oesophageal peristalsis is what type of muscle movement

A

wave-like smooth muscle contractions and relaxation
-response to wall distention by bolus
-contracts behind bolus
-relaxes in front of bolus

36
Q

what is peristalsis

A

pushing food down

37
Q

why is gravity not needed for food to go down into the stomach

A

peristalsis causes muscles to push the food down

37
Q

functions of saliva

A

moistens and cleanses oral mucosa
cools food + aids chewing
lubrication by mucins
solubilises food
digestion
anti-bacterial

38
Q

what is food called after it has been chewed/swallowed

A

bolus

38
Q

describe lubrication by mucins

A

food is easier to swallow/chew
aids speed
protects oesophagus

39
Q

why is lingual lipase important for babies

A

break down of lipids
milk = lipids
babies have a high lipid diet

40
Q

why is saliva anti-bacterial

A

contains lysosomes, antibodies, lactoferrin

41
Q

functions of saliva

A

buffer + minerals

42
Q

why is saliva a buffer

A

alkaline buffer - HCO3-
neutralises acids in food/vomit

43
Q

minerals - function of saliva
explain

A

mineralises teeth - high levels of calcium and phosphate
prevents enamel de-mineralisation by acids
secretes protective pellicle - protein rich coat - protects against acid

44
Q

salivary hypofunction main causes

A
  • head and neck cancer radiotherapy
  • autoimmune diseases- sjogren’s, lupus, RA
  • drug therapy
  • reduced or totally absent saliva
  • dry mouth- xerostomia
  • difficulty swallowing dry foods
  • loss of taste
  • constant thirst
45
Q

dental problems with salivary hypofunction

A
  • oral bacteria/yeast overgrowth
  • pH drops due to:

-lack of HCO3-

-bacteria producing acid

  • bacteria cause caries formation
  • acids causes enamel demineralisation
  • periodontal disease
  • difficulty wearing and injury due to dentures
46
Q

symptoms of salivary hypofunction

A
  • dry mouth
  • burning mouth
  • fissured lobulated tongue
  • candida/oral yeast infection
  • lichen planus - whitish streaks
  • aphthous ulcers
  • dental caries - tooth decay
47
Q

what is the protein rich film on teeth stained by

A

tea/coffee/cigarettes

48
Q

3 major parts salivary gland

A

parotids
submandibular
sublingual

49
Q

secretion and % of parotids

A

25%
serous (watery) secretion

50
Q

secretion and % of submandibular

A

mixed
serous and mucous secretion
70%

51
Q

secretion and % of sublingual

A

mixed serous and mucous secretion
5%

52
Q

sublingual saliva exp

A
  • composed of acini (cluster of cells) and ducts
  • numerous small glands- lips, cheeks, palate, tongue
  • saliva is a mixed secretion of all of these
53
Q

composition of saliva

A

daily - 800-1500ml/day
H2O: >99%
ions: Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO4^3-, I-
proteins: a-amylase, lipase, mucins, immunoglobins
p- 6.1-8.0 -depends on HCO3- content and flow rate
less ions than plasma
increase in salivary secretion = increase osmolality
basic pH to slightly acidic to basic
increase alkaline - increase HCO3-

54
Q

composition of saliva MORE DETAIL

A
  • daily secretion: 800-1500ml/day
  • H2O : >99%
  • ions : Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO43-, I-
  • proteins: a-amylase, lipase, mucins, immunoglobulins
  • pH range: 6.1-8.0
  • pH depends on HCO3- content and flow rate
  • hypotonic compared to plasma - facilitates taste
  • generally saliva has less ions in it than the plasma- but as more saliva required in mouth, more HCO3- added (eg. when eating)
  • increase salivary secretion = increase osmolality (70% of plasma osmolality at maximal secretion rates)
  • pH changes from being slightly acidic (at rest) to basic
  • increase in alkalinity due to increase HCO3- in saliva
55
Q

acinar cell secretion - saliva

A

ions from surrounding blood vessels move into acinus cells then lumen

primary saliva secretion like plasma - ISOTONIC SALIVA

H2O follows by osmosis from plasma into acinar lumen

56
Q

ductal cell secretion - saliva

A

primary secretion moves down duct = modified

lots of ion channels in duct cell - remove Na+/Cl- and add K+/HCO3-

ducts impermeable to H2O - more solutes removed than H2O = HYPOTONIC SALIVA - lower solute conc than plasma

many ion channels involved - may be the target of drugs

MAY EXPLAIN WHY XEROSTOMIA IS A COMON SIDE EFFFECT OF DRUGS

57
Q

describe salivary composition with varying flow rates basic

A

lower hydrostatic pressure in the surrounding capillaries forces LESS plasma into acini
higher hydrostatic pressure in the surrounding capillaries forces more plasma into acini

58
Q

describe salivary composition with varying flow rates detailed

A

Na+/Cl- reabsorption very efficient and less in duct and mouth. K+/HCO3- added to duct but not a lot. More ions removed than added so saliva in mouth is HYPOTONIC relative to plasma

Na+/Cl- reabsorption very efficient and less in duct and mouth. K+/HCO3- added so more saliva in mouth is rich in these. More ions added than removed so saliva ALMOST isotonic relative to plasma but still hypotonic

59
Q

describe how the secretion of saliva varies with flow rate

A

HCO3- valuable, don’t waste it
main purpose of un-stimulated saliva is to keep mouth lubrciated
-helps you talk
-don’t need lots of HCO3- unless eating as there isn’t much acid to neutralise
eating = stimulate salivary flow + produce HCDO3- saliva with buffering capacity

60
Q

explain control of saliva secretion - detailed

A
  • continuous
  • low rate during sleep

-~0.05ml

-keeps mouth moist

-bacteria build up- dragon breath in morning

  • increases in awake state

-~0.1-0.5ml/min when food not being eaten

  • increases dramatically during meal

-~4ml/min

  • pressure and chemoreceptors: chewing, taste, tactile stimulation
  • input from cerebral cortex: thought, sight, smell of food
  • exclusively under ANS control
  • predominantly parasympathetic
  • flow rate depends on type of stimulus

-sour taste/ endoscope can increase to 8ml/min

61
Q

explain parasympathetic nerves in the control of saliva secretion

A

vasodilation - hyperemia

-increase transport into acinar cells

-increase transport of HCO3- from duct cells

-increase amylase

-increase extrusion of saliva from ducts

-increase secretion of H2O and ions, abundant watery saliva

62
Q

describe sympathetic nerves in control of saliva secretion

A

decreases secretion
stress/fear etc

63
Q

what is the overall function of the digestive system

A

cells require food for energy and synthetic processes
foods in the form of fats, proteins, carbs
break nutrients into smaller sub-units = small enough for the body to absorb
distribute via circulation to cells to use for energy, growth and repair

64
Q

describe the components of the digestive system

A

continuous tube
alimentary tract: - oral cavity, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestines
- mouth to oesophagus to stomach to anus

65
Q

define gland

A

functional unit of cells that work together to create and release a product into duct or directly into bloodstream
ENDOCRINE/EXOCRINE GLANDS

66
Q

where does an exocrine gland release into

A

into the duct

67
Q

where does an endocrine gland release into

A

into blood

68
Q

what type of gland is the pancreas

A

both endocrine and exocrine

69
Q

define the physical functions of the GI tract

A

ingestion
mastication
deglutition

70
Q

define motility

A

movement of food through GI tract

71
Q

what is peristalsis

A
72
Q

what is segmentation

A

no met movement
mixes food
in the small intestine - helps to churn and mix food
mechanical digestion

73
Q

what type of digestion is segmentation

A

mechanical digestion
lots of smooth muscle in the walls that causes these to happen

74
Q

what are the physical functions of the GI tract - DASS

A

digestion
absorption
secretion
storage and elimination

75
Q

explain digestion in the GI tract

A

mechanical or chemical breakdown of carbs, proteins, and fats into sub-units small enough to cross gut wall

76
Q

explain absorption in the GI tract

A

sub-units, water, ions all cross the epithelial lining of the small intestine and enter blood or lymph vessels

77
Q

explain secretion of the GI tract

A

digestive organs secrete many substances to aid digestion and absorption

78
Q

explain storage and elimination in the GI tract

A

temporary storage and elimination of indigestible food

79
Q

adaptations of the GI tract

A

progressive increase in absorptive surface area - excellent design to increase absorptive capacity
long alimentary tract / small intestine
villi have microvilli = increase the surface area more
digestion - breaking
absorbing - bloodstream
proteases - exo glands
anything that isn’t used/broken down will be excreted

80
Q
A

BODY SYSTEMS - DRE (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions