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BODY SYSTEMS - DRE > functions and secretions of the pancreas > Flashcards

functions and secretions of the pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

pancreas

A

soft retroperitoneal gland
sits behind stomach
12-15cm x 2.5cm
has head, body, tail
releases 1.5L juices a day - into duodenum

pancreatic duct carries secretions to ampulla of vater
bile from gall bladder enters there too
bile produced by liver + contains bile salts

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2
Q

where is the duodenum

A

at the start of the small intestine

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3
Q

where in the ampulla of vater

A

opening in the duodenum

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3
Q

why are bile salts important

A

essential for fat absorption

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4
Q

what type of gland is the pancreas

A

endocrine + exocrine

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5
Q

function of the pancreas

A

exocrine + endocrine gland

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6
Q

function of pancreas - exocrine gland

A

produces pancreatic juice

99% of cell mass

acinar + duct cells
juices released into duodenum
breaks down all categories of foodstuff

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7
Q

function of pancreas - endocrine gland

A

produces hormones

1% of cell mass
islets of langerhans
hormones released into bloodstream
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

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8
Q

what are the exocrine secretions of pancreas

A

digestive enzymes
alkaline juice

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9
Q

explain digestive enzymes - exocrine secretions

A

digests all food types

proteases
lipases
carbs
nucleases

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10
Q

what type of foods do digestive enzymes digest

A

proteases
lipases
carbs
nucleases

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11
Q

what do exocrine glands produce

A

pancreatic juice

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12
Q

what do endocrine glands produce

A

hormones

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13
Q

what are acinar cells specialised for

A

production + export of large quantities of digestive enzymes

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14
Q

what are acinar cells stimulated by + release as a result

A

primarily by CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) to release enzymes

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15
Q

what do acinar cells cause the gall bladder to do

A

contract + release bile

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16
Q

what does CCK inhibit

A

HCl secretion from the stomach

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17
Q

acinar cells surround ……. ….. …….

A

islet of langerhans

18
Q

acinar cells - full explanation

A
  • specialised for production and export of large quantities of digestive enzymes
  • stimulated primarily by CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) to release enzymes
  • causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile
  • CCK also inhibits HCl secretion from the stomach
  • secretin and ACh can also induce acinar cell enzyme release
19
Q

what are duct cells specialised for

A

electrolytes

20
Q

when is HCO3- released fro the pnacreas

A

after eating

21
Q

duct cells - full explanation

A
  • specialised for transport of electrolytes
  • a HCO3- rich juice is released from the pancreas after eating but a Cl- rich juice is secreted when flow rates are low
  • stimulated by secretin to release a HCO3- rich juice
  • secretin also inhibits HCl secretion from the stomach
  • ACh can also induce duct cell HCO3- release
21
Q

classes of enzymes in pancreatic juice

A
  • proteases = 90%
  • amylase = 7%
  • lipases = 2%
  • nucleases = <1%
  • composition of juice is predominantly proteases
22
Q

what are the 3 phases of acid secretion

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

23
Q

what is the ampulla of vater

A

muscular structure surrounding bile and pancreatic ducts as they enter the duodenal wall

24
Q

what are the 2 type of exocrine secretions of the pancreas

A

digestive enzymes + alkaline juice

25
Q

digestive enzymes - digestion explanation

A

digests all food types

proteases, lipases, carbs, nucleases

26
Q

alkaline juice - digestion explanation

A

numerous functions

neutralises gastric acid
prevents ulcer formation
enables pancreatic enzymes to work
enables micelle formation

27
Q

when is the plasma alkaline tide generated

A

when gastric parietal cells produced acid/H+ neutralised by pancreatic duct cells as they produce HCO3-

28
Q

describe the alkaline tide

A
  1. stomach parietal cells send H+ (acid) into stomach and HCO3- into plasma
  2. HCO3- in plasma causes alkaline tide - plasma pH INCREASES
  3. when gastric acid arrives at duodenum, sensitive cells release secretin - signals pancreas to send HCO3- into duodenum + H+ into plasma
  4. pancreatic HCO3- entering duodenum neutralises acid/H+ arriving from stomach
  5. pancreatic H+ entering plasma neutralises alkaline tide/HCO3- arriving from stomach
29
Q

gastrin

A

secreted by:
G-cells of stomach

targets:
gastric parietal + histamine secreting cells

releasing stimuli:
gastric distention + small peptides in stomach

actions:
stimulates gastric HCl secretion

30
Q

secretin

A

secreted by:
endocrine cells of small intestine

targets:
stomach + pancreas

releasing stimuli:
acid in duodenum

actions:
inhibits gastric HCl secretion
stimulates pancreatic HCO3- secretion

31
Q

CCK

A

secreted by:
endocrine cells of small intestine - duodenum

targets:
stomach - esp. muscle
pancreas
gallbladder

releasing stimuli:
fat in duodenum

actions:
inhibits gastric emptying - DECREASE MOTILITY
stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion
induces gallbladder contraction

32
Q

enzymes are secreted from the pancreas as ….. ….

A

inactive zymogens
only become activated when in the SI

33
Q

why do enzymes only become activated when in the SI

A

to prevent autodigestion

34
Q

when pancreatic trypsinogen enters the SI what is it converted itno

A

the active digestive protease trypsin by ENTEROKINASE

35
Q

where is enterokinase found

A

in the brush border cells of the villi
- so activation only takes place in the SI

36
Q

pancreatic enzymes

A

digestive enzymes secreted from the pancreas - inactive zymogens
only activated in the SI
prevents autodigestion of pancreas
when pancreatic trypsinogen - enters the SI
converted into active digestive proteases by enterokinase - found in the brush border cells of the villi
activation only takes place in the SI
trypsin can activate other inactive zymogens
oancreas has trypsin inhibitors - prevent autodigestion

37
Q

how is trypsinogen converted into trypsin

A

enterokinase
trypsin

38
Q

how is procarboxypeptidase converted into carboxypeptidases

A

trypsin

39
Q

how is chymotrypsinogen converted nto chymotrypsin

A

trypsin

40
Q

how is pro-elastase converted into elastase

A

trypsin

41
Q

how is prophospholipase A converted into phospholipase A

A

trypsin

BODY SYSTEMS - DRE (8 decks)

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