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BODY SYSTEMS - DRE > absorption of carbs and proteins > Flashcards

absorption of carbs and proteins Flashcards

1
Q

starch is ……. branched

A

moderately

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2
Q

what is the smallest unit of sugar

A

monosaccharides

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2
Q

what is sucrose made from

A

glucose
fructose

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2
Q

glycogen is …. branched

A

highly

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3
Q

disaccharides

A

two single units joined together

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3
Q

polysaccharides are made from …..

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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5
Q

2 x glucose molecules form …..

A

maltose

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6
Q

define polysaccarhides

A

3 or many million units of sugar

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7
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A
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8
Q

what is the carbs storage in plants

A

starch

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9
Q

what is the carb storage in animals

A

glycogen

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10
Q

how to make a polysaccharide into a di

A

uses salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase
intestinal (brush border) enzymes

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11
Q

disaccharide into monosaccharide

A

intestinal (brush border) enzymes
-intestinal maltase
-intestinal sucrase
-intestinal lactase

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12
Q

dietary carbs/saccharides

A

-meet body’s energy needs - glucose
- proteins and fats are important components of cells and tissue - shouldn’t waste
- feed brain and nervous systems
- keep digestive system fit
- add bulk to foods
- ingestible carbs are beneficial

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13
Q

describe the enzymes involved in carb digestion + describe the process

A

poly -> di
- salivary amylase
- pancreatic amylase
- intestinal (brush border) enzymes

di -> mono
- intestinal (brush border enzymes)
- intestinal:
maltase, sucrase, lactase

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14
Q

where are some of the carb digestive enzymes located

A

intestinal villus brush border

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15
Q

desrcibe the stages of carb/monosaccharide absorption

A
  1. glucose, galactose, fructose absorbed
  2. fructose, galactose -> glucose
  3. glucose released into blood
  4. energy, glycogen, adipose tissue
16
Q

dietary protein

A

-absorption is highly efficient
- body uses to build + repair
- provide essential am. acids for protein synthesis + nitrogen atoms for N compounds
-energy from protein when lipid + carbs aren’t available
-lose lots of proteins daily

17
Q

where are proteins lost to daily

A

mucins
cell debris

18
Q
A

proteins

19
Q

levels of protein structure

A
  1. protein
  2. polypeptides
  3. peptides
  4. di- & tri- peptides
  5. amino acids
19
Q

getting energy from proteins is …..

A

expensive + inefficient

20
Q

how many different kinds of amino acids are there

A

20

21
Q

what bond holds peptides together

A

peptide bond

22
Q

di/tri amino acids can be absorbed by the ….. ….

A

small intestine

23
Q

how many amino acids are essential

A

9

24
Q

what type of digestion does the stomach provide

A

mechanical

25
Q

what % of protein digestion occurs in the stomach

A

10-15%

25
Q

what does pepsin do

A

convert larger proteins into smaller proteins

26
Q

stomach for protein digestion - full explanation

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • HCl converts pepsinogen into active pepsin
  • HCl denatures protein - INCREASE SURFACE ARE FOR PEPSIN
  • pepsin - large proteins into smaller peptides
    -10-15%
26
Q

HCl converts pepsinogen into … …..

A

active pepsin

27
Q

how is the surface area for pepsin increased

A

HCl denatures the protein

28
Q

what are the 2 types of enzymes involved in protein digestion

A

endopeptidases
exopeptidases

29
Q

intestines for protein digestion - full explanation

A
  • receives denatured polypeptides from stomach
  • pancreatic enzymes
  • extensive and rapid digestion
  • breaks small peptides into AA’s
    -85-90%
30
Q

endopeptidases - explain

A

attack bonds in the centre of peptide chains:
-gastric pepsin
-pancreatic trypsin

31
Q

exopeptidases - explain

A

split AA’s one at a time:

-pancreatic enzymes
-intestinal (brush border) enzymes
-enterocyte cytoplasm enzymes

32
Q

why are whole proteins rarely absorbed

A

no transporters on enterocytes + too big to ‘squeeze’ between cells

33
Q

newborn - whole protein absorption

A

few days after birth
whole milk protein
maternal anitbodies
by pinocytosis

34
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

invagination of cell membrane to form vesicles

35
Q

monosaccharide absorption - full

A
  • all 3 utilise same basolateral transporter GLUT2 - exit the enterocyte into blood by FACILITATED DIFFUSION
36
Q

small peptide and AA absorption

A

FREE AA ABSORPTION
AA apical transporters in the brush border surface.
These free AA’s are
absorbed using Na+/K+ ATPase linked secondary active, facilitated diffusion
or simple diffusion
mechanisms.
PEPTIDE ABSORPTION
Di - & Tri-peptide apical transporters in the brush border surface AA transporters on the basolateral surface to allow exit of single AAs

36
Q

examples of ways in which proteins enter the gut

A

diet
digestive enzymes
microoragnisms
mucus
plasma proteins
desquamated epithelial cells

BODY SYSTEMS - DRE (8 decks)

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