Liver

Question 1

functions of the liver

Answer 1

• Process nutrients in blood
glucose glycogen
• Makes blood proteins
• Stores fat-soluble vitamins
• Detoxifies poisons and drugs
• Produces bile = Cholesterol, bile salts, bilirubin
- Excrete bilirubin (from broken-down red blood cells)
- Emulsify fat and improves fat digestion

Question 2

gross anatomy of the liver

Answer 2

• Vessels connect on visceral (posterior) side
• Hepatic veins = carry blood away, back to heart
• Porta hepatis
= region where other vessels connect to liver

Question 3

vessels at the porta hepatis

Answer 3

• Common hepatic duct - carries bile • Hepatic arteries - blood with oxygen • Hepatic portal vein = unique!

Question 4

what enters hepatic portal vein directly?

Answer 4

Absorbed carbohydrates & amino acids

Question 5

Liver lobules

Answer 5

functional units
= Hexagonal unit with plates of
liver cells (hepatocytes)

Question 6

each liver lobule contains

Answer 6

• Central vein
- Delivers blood to hepatic veins
• Portal triad
= Group of 3 vessels

Question 7

the portal triad contains

Answer 7

• Portal arteriole = branch of hepatic artery Function?
• Portal venule = branch Fig.
of hepatic portal vein
Brings nutrients from digestive system for storage & processing
• Bile duct Function?

Question 8

how does blood get to the central vein?

Answer 8

• Liver sinusoids = leaky capillaries - Fluid flows onto hepatocytes
…by way of fenestrations (holes)
- Also contains hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells)

Question 9

How does bile get to bile duct?

Answer 9

• Bile canaliculi

Question 10

Jaundice

Answer 10

yellowing of skin & mucosae

• due to excess bilirubin throughout body tissues
• • due to liver failure - e.g. due to hepatitis = inflammation of liver

Question 11

Pathway of blood flow through the liver

Answer 11

x

Question 12

hepatocyte

Answer 12

“liver cell”

Question 13

what layer covers the liver?

Answer 13

viseral peritonium, except the ‘bare area’ which is superitor and is fused to the diaphragm and is devoid of a peritoneum

Question 14

describe the pathway of bile flow in accumulation between meals.

Answer 14

liver-bile ducts-common hepatic duct-common bile duct-cystic duct- gallbladder

Question 15

what is the function of bile?

Answer 15

to breakdown fats.

Question 16

what is the pathway of stored bile from the gallbladder?

Answer 16

gallbladder- cystic duct- common bile duct- duodenum.

Question 17

What are the functions of the pancreas?

Answer 17

both endocrine and exocrine secretions.
endocrine function secretes insulin (from beta cells, when blood sugar is to low) and glucagon (from alpha cells, when blood sugar is to high) (into the blood)
exocrine function secretes most of the digestive enzymes and bicarbonate in the dueodenum.

Question 18

where do the vessels connect to the liver?

Answer 18

on the viseral (posterior) side