Heart

Question 1

right side of the heart

Answer 1

recieves oxygen poor blood from the body and then pumps this blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide

Question 2

left side of the heart

Answer 2

recieves oxygenated blood and nutrients from the lungs and pumps it through the body.

Question 3

pulminary circut

Answer 3

veins and arteries that carry blood to and from the lungs

Question 4

systemic circut

Answer 4

viens and arteries that carry blood to and from the heart to the rest of the body tissues (not lungs)

Question 5

what are the two recieving chambers of the heart?

Answer 5

the right atrium- recieves deoxygenated blood from the systemic circut (venae cavae)
the left atrium- recieves oxygenated blood from the pulminary circut. (pulminary veins)

Question 6

what are the pmping mechanisms of the heart

Answer 6

right atrium- pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation

left atrium- pumps blood (with oxygen) to the rest of the body tissues.

Question 7

what are the types of vessels associate with the heart and what are their functions?

Answer 7

Capillary beds- where exchange takes place
Veins- delivers from the capillary beds back to the heart (or another set of capillary beds-portal veins) majority are deoxygenated blood.
Arteries- from heart to capillary beds, most are oxygenated and part of the systemic circut.

Question 8

describe the hepatic portal system

Answer 8

nutrients from the stomach and intestines diffuse through gut wall and enter a capillary bed. this capillary bed leads to the hepatic portal vein, this blood is rich with nutrients but poor in oxygen.
The hepatic portal vein carries these nutrients(and toxins) to the second capillary bed and liver. Nutrients and toxins enter hepatocytes and blood flow continues to the vena cava and into the heart/lungs for reoxygenation.

Question 9

where is the heart located?

Answer 9

pericardinal cavity, within the mediastum

Question 10

pericaridum

Answer 10

tripple layered sac that encloses the heart:

• fibrous pericaridum is the outermost layer and made of dense connective tissue. It is fused to the diaphram (inferiorly) and is fused to the vessles entering/leaving the heart (superiorly).
• serous pericardium ( viseral and parietal layers with serous cavity between them) parietal layer is connected to the inside of the fibrous pericardium. the viseral layer is the epicaridum, which lies on the heart and is considered part of the heart wall.

Question 11

cardiac tompanade

Answer 11

compression of the heart due to excess fluid in the pericardial cavity

Question 12

describe the four main vessels of the pulmonary and systemic circut and their functions.

Answer 12

aorta- carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillary beds
pulmonary veins- carry oxygenated blood to the heart
vena cavae- carries deoygenated blood from the capillary beds to the heart
pulmonary arteries- carries deoygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Question 13

if you are cupids arrow traveling through the skin to the heart wall what layers do you touch? (skip skin)

Answer 13

fibrous pericardium- parietal pericardium- serous fluid-visceral pericardium (epicardium)-myocardium-endocardium

Question 14

be blood flowing through the pulmonary and systemic loop, start and end in the capillary beds. include vessels, valves, organs.

Answer 14

capillary beds 
arterioles
arteries
SVC, IVC and CS 
right artium-
tricuspid valve-
right ventricle-
pulmonary semilunar valve-
pulminary trunk
lungs (through pulminary arteries) 
heart- 
four pulmonary veins-
left atrium
-mithral valve
-left ventricle-
aortic semilunar valve
-aorta
veins
-venules
capillary beds.

Question 14

describe the ‘lub,dub’ sounds of the heart.

Answer 14

lub- both atrioventicular are closing and atrium are contracting
dub-both semilunar valves closing and ventricles begin relaxing.

Question 15

describe the heart valves and their function.

Answer 15

to prevent backflow of blood.
Right Antrioventicular (AV)- tricuspid valve
Left Atrioventicular (LV)-mitral valve
they are held in place by the cordeae tendonae.
Semilunar Valves
Aortic-left ventricle and aorta
Pumonary-btwn right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Question 16

cells of the conducting system

Answer 16

are specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate their own electrical signal in repetition

Question 17

Decscribe the sequence of conduction through the heart

Answer 17

Sinoatrial SA node- pacemaker of the crew, fastest!
AV node
bundle of HIS, AV bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers (cardiac muscle cells ‘fibers’)

Question 18

what is the composition of blood?

Answer 18

plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), Leukocytes (white blood cells), platelets (cell fragments for clot formation)

Question 19

structure of the blood vessel wall

Answer 19

tunica intima (simple squamous epithelium), tunica media (cicular smooth muscle and elastin), tunica externa (mosley collegen fibers)

Question 20

arteries in general

Answer 20

experiance higher pressure because they are leaving the heart

• have thicker walls in tunica media (muscle)
• more elastic

Question 21

types of arteries

Answer 21

elastic- largest in diameter, thick wall rich in elastin. This very elastic vessel smooths out the pressure fluctuations
Muscular arteries- most named, abundant in body, thicer i the tunia media, regulates blood pressure and distribution , ex-during digestion.
Arterioles- smallest, connects to the capillary beds, not much connective tissue.

Question 22

capillary structure

Answer 22

very thin wall facilitates diffusion (only the tunica intima) single file line of blood cells, large surface area for diffusion, many branches.

Question 23

how do capillaries control blood flow to tissues?

Answer 23

precapillary sphincters close when tissues is inactive. this mechanism allows blood to connect through a meta-arteriole (thoughughfare) within the capillary bed.

Question 24

types of capillaries

Answer 24

continuous capillaries- many tight junctions between endothelial cells. least “leaky”
tightest in the brain but also exist in other organs, tight but not completely, select molecules still move through intercellular shaft.
Fenestrated capillaries- lots of holes, easy and rapid diffusion, located in enodcyrine glands, kidney, intestines and synovial membranes
Discontinuous-has fenestrations and very few tight junctions, intracellular shafts are large. located in bone marrow, spleen and liver.

Question 25

Veins in general

Answer 25

low pressure vessels. have thinner walls and a larger lumen, holds up to 605 of the bodies blood (reservoirs), are collapsible contain valves to prevent back flow of blood. slow because of pressure, skeletal muscle and inner valves help with veinous return to heart.

Question 26

Types of veins

Answer 26

veins, veinules and portal veins.

Question 27

describe portal veins

Answer 27

like all portal systems the hepatic portal vein conects two capillary beds between the stomach and small intestines and the liver, then reenters through the inferior vena cava.