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Physiology > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest glandular organ in the body?

A

liver

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2
Q

How man lobes does the liver have?

A

2

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3
Q

The liver is located in the right hand part of the abdomen, under the ________.

A

diaphragm

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4
Q

The portal vein and hepatic artery flow from the ______ into the _______.

A

GI tract, liver

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5
Q

Hepatic artery blood flows from the ______ into the ________.

A

aorta, liver

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6
Q

Blood is carried away by the hepatic veins and into the ______.

A

vena cava

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7
Q

What is the muscular bag for the storage, concentration, acidification and delivery of bile to the small intestine?

A

gall bladder

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8
Q

What hormone from duodenal mucosa is secreted by enteroendocrine cells?

A

cholecytokinin (CCK)

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9
Q

What stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder and the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in the delivery of bile into the duodenal part of the small intestine?

A

CCK

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10
Q

What structure if relaxed, bile enters duodenum, if contracted, bile stored in the gall bladder?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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11
Q

What is the area of the liver named after its triangular shape?

A

portal triad

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12
Q

Each ______ contains three more-or-less conspicuous tubular structures all wrapped together in connective tissue (Glisson’s capsule).

A

portal area

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13
Q

What are the three structures of each portal area?

A

a branch of the bile duct
a branch of the portal vein
a branch of the hepatic artery

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14
Q

True or False? Lymphatic pathways are also present within the hepatic lobule.

A

True

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15
Q

What cell comprises the bulk of the liver?

A

hepatocytes

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16
Q

What cells are responsible for metabolic and secretory functions?

A

hepatocytes

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17
Q

What cells are perisinusoidall adipocyte present in space of disse?

A

stellate cells

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18
Q

What cells are fixed macrophages located in the sinusoids and of monocytic origin?

A

Kupffer cells

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19
Q

What cells play a key role in host defense by removing foreign, toxic and infective substances from the portal blood and by releasing beneficial mediators, remove old/damaged RBCs, parasites, and bacteria from hepatic blood by phagocytosis?

A

Kupffer cells

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20
Q

What are blood vessels between cords or sheets of hepatocytes are lined by a discontinuous endothelial layer?

A

sinusoids

21
Q

The endothelial cells have no basement membrane and are separated from the hepatocytes by the _______ which collects lymph for delivery to lymphatic capillaries.

A

space of disse

22
Q

The liver is organized into ______ which take the shape of polygonal prisms.

A

lobules

23
Q

Each lobule is typically hexagonal in cross section and is centered on a branch of _______.

A

hepatic vein

24
Q

Within each lobule, hepatocytes are arranged into ______ and separated by adjacent ______.

A

hepatic cords, sinusoids

25
Q

Blood from both portal vein and hepatic artery mixes together in the hepatic _____ and then drains out of the lobule through the ______, a branch of the hepatic vein.

A

sinusoids, central vein

26
Q

Bile flows in the _____ direction of blood.

A

opposite

27
Q

What are tiny channels which exist between the cell and surfaces of neighboring hepatocytes and are supported by a delicate connective tissue stroma?

A

bile canaliculi

28
Q

What are the 3 carbohydrate metabolic functions of the liver?

A
  • glycogenesis
  • gluconeogenesis
  • feedback control of blood glucose level
29
Q

What are 3 lipid metabolic functions of the liver?

A
  • oxidation of fatty acids
  • synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids, and most lipoproteins
  • synthesis of fat from proteins and carbs
30
Q

What are the 3 protein metabolic functions of the liver?

A
  • deanimation of amino acids
  • synthesis of urea
  • synthesis of plasma protein
31
Q

What are the 6 substances formed exclusively in the liver?

A
  • plasma glucose
  • plasma lipoproteins (LDL, HDL)
  • plasma proteins
  • urea
  • conjugated bilirubin
  • bile
32
Q

True or False? Bile is formed and continuously secreted by liver cells (hepatocytes).

A

True

33
Q

Bile ducts from different lobules form ____ and ________ hepatic ducts.

A

left, right

34
Q

The common hepatic duct combines with _______ to form ________.

A

cystic duct, common bile duct

35
Q

What does the common bile duct transport bile to?

A

the duodenum

36
Q

What are the bile contents?

A
  • HCO3- (alkaline)
  • bile salts
  • bile pigment (bilirubin)
  • cholesterol
  • lecithin (phospholipid)
37
Q

Stored in the gall bladder, bile is _____ and _____.

A

concentrated, acidified

38
Q

True or False? Bile does NOT contain any enzyme.

A

True

39
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

breaking down (emulsifying) fat globules

40
Q

Most of the bile salts are reabsorbed from terminal ileum or small intestine into the blood by _____ transport.

A

active

41
Q

alts are returned to liver by _________.

A

hepatic portal system

42
Q

What is the recycling of bile salt between small intestine and liver called?

A

enterohepatic circulation

43
Q

What percent of bile salts are lost in feces per day?

A

5%

44
Q

What is a yellow byproduct of normal heme catabolism that occurs in the reticuloendothelial system (RES, e.g. the spleen)?

A

bilirubin

45
Q

Hemolytic jaundice is caused by _______.

A

free bilirubin

46
Q

Obstructive jaundice is caused by __________.

A

coagulated bilirubin

47
Q

What are 8 things that can cause liver pathology?

A
  1. hepatic failure
  2. cholestasis
  3. cirrhosis
  4. hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
  5. circulatory disordes
  6. necroses
  7. tumors
  8. viral hepatitis
48
Q

_____ are produced when bile or cholesterol crystallizes.

A

gallstones

49
Q

________ in liver cells is engaged in glycogen synthesis and storage.

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Physiology (15 decks)

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