Liver Flashcards
What is the largest glandular organ in the body?
liver
How man lobes does the liver have?
2
The liver is located in the right hand part of the abdomen, under the ________.
diaphragm
The portal vein and hepatic artery flow from the ______ into the _______.
GI tract, liver
Hepatic artery blood flows from the ______ into the ________.
aorta, liver
Blood is carried away by the hepatic veins and into the ______.
vena cava
What is the muscular bag for the storage, concentration, acidification and delivery of bile to the small intestine?
gall bladder
What hormone from duodenal mucosa is secreted by enteroendocrine cells?
cholecytokinin (CCK)
What stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder and the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in the delivery of bile into the duodenal part of the small intestine?
CCK
What structure if relaxed, bile enters duodenum, if contracted, bile stored in the gall bladder?
Sphincter of Oddi
What is the area of the liver named after its triangular shape?
portal triad
Each ______ contains three more-or-less conspicuous tubular structures all wrapped together in connective tissue (Glisson’s capsule).
portal area
What are the three structures of each portal area?
a branch of the bile duct
a branch of the portal vein
a branch of the hepatic artery
True or False? Lymphatic pathways are also present within the hepatic lobule.
True
What cell comprises the bulk of the liver?
hepatocytes
What cells are responsible for metabolic and secretory functions?
hepatocytes
What cells are perisinusoidall adipocyte present in space of disse?
stellate cells
What cells are fixed macrophages located in the sinusoids and of monocytic origin?
Kupffer cells
What cells play a key role in host defense by removing foreign, toxic and infective substances from the portal blood and by releasing beneficial mediators, remove old/damaged RBCs, parasites, and bacteria from hepatic blood by phagocytosis?
Kupffer cells
What are blood vessels between cords or sheets of hepatocytes are lined by a discontinuous endothelial layer?
sinusoids
The endothelial cells have no basement membrane and are separated from the hepatocytes by the _______ which collects lymph for delivery to lymphatic capillaries.
space of disse
The liver is organized into ______ which take the shape of polygonal prisms.
lobules
Each lobule is typically hexagonal in cross section and is centered on a branch of _______.
hepatic vein
Within each lobule, hepatocytes are arranged into ______ and separated by adjacent ______.
hepatic cords, sinusoids
Blood from both portal vein and hepatic artery mixes together in the hepatic _____ and then drains out of the lobule through the ______, a branch of the hepatic vein.
sinusoids, central vein
Bile flows in the _____ direction of blood.
opposite
What are tiny channels which exist between the cell and surfaces of neighboring hepatocytes and are supported by a delicate connective tissue stroma?
bile canaliculi
What are the 3 carbohydrate metabolic functions of the liver?
- glycogenesis
- gluconeogenesis
- feedback control of blood glucose level
What are 3 lipid metabolic functions of the liver?
- oxidation of fatty acids
- synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids, and most lipoproteins
- synthesis of fat from proteins and carbs
What are the 3 protein metabolic functions of the liver?
- deanimation of amino acids
- synthesis of urea
- synthesis of plasma protein
What are the 6 substances formed exclusively in the liver?
- plasma glucose
- plasma lipoproteins (LDL, HDL)
- plasma proteins
- urea
- conjugated bilirubin
- bile
True or False? Bile is formed and continuously secreted by liver cells (hepatocytes).
True
Bile ducts from different lobules form ____ and ________ hepatic ducts.
left, right
The common hepatic duct combines with _______ to form ________.
cystic duct, common bile duct
What does the common bile duct transport bile to?
the duodenum
What are the bile contents?
- HCO3- (alkaline)
- bile salts
- bile pigment (bilirubin)
- cholesterol
- lecithin (phospholipid)
Stored in the gall bladder, bile is _____ and _____.
concentrated, acidified
True or False? Bile does NOT contain any enzyme.
True
What is the function of bile?
breaking down (emulsifying) fat globules
Most of the bile salts are reabsorbed from terminal ileum or small intestine into the blood by _____ transport.
active
alts are returned to liver by _________.
hepatic portal system
What is the recycling of bile salt between small intestine and liver called?
enterohepatic circulation
What percent of bile salts are lost in feces per day?
5%
What is a yellow byproduct of normal heme catabolism that occurs in the reticuloendothelial system (RES, e.g. the spleen)?
bilirubin
Hemolytic jaundice is caused by _______.
free bilirubin
Obstructive jaundice is caused by __________.
coagulated bilirubin
What are 8 things that can cause liver pathology?
- hepatic failure
- cholestasis
- cirrhosis
- hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
- circulatory disordes
- necroses
- tumors
- viral hepatitis
_____ are produced when bile or cholesterol crystallizes.
gallstones
________ in liver cells is engaged in glycogen synthesis and storage.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
