Blood Vessels Flashcards
_____ transports blood under high pressure.
Arteries
____ helps with fluid regulation and distribution.
Arterioles
_____ controls flow to capillaries.
Arterioles
_____ is located between arteriole and capillaries.
Precapillary sphincter
____ exchange fluids, nutrients, hormones, etc.
Capillaries
_____ collect blood from capillaries.
Venules
______ is a blood reservoir.
Veins
64% of blood is found in _____ system.
venous
_____ is conduit to heart.
Vena cava
Cardiac output is primarily determined by _____.
venous activity
ANS to ______ is critical for blood pressure regulation and blood redistribution to meet metabolic needs through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
aterial system
40% of blood is found in ______.
small veins (venules)
Redistribution of blood flow is related to what three things?
O2
CO2
waste (pH)
_____ is controlled by local tissue flows.
Cardiac output
_____ is controlled by local blood flow and cardiac output control.
Arterial pressure
____ is the thin lining of endothelium (epithelial cells)
tunica intima
____ decreases resistance to flow and platelet aggregation.
tunica intima
_____ is smooth muscle and connective tissue.
Tunica media
_____ is responsible for blood distribution.
tunica media
_____ is the fibrosis outer layer for protection.
Tunica adventitia
_____ has small vessels for blood flow to vessels (Vasa Vasorum).
Tunica adventitia
_____ has small vessels for blood flow to nerves (Vasa Nervorum.
Tunica adventitia
What are the two main functions of endothelium in vessels?
regulate vascular tone: vasodilation, vasoconstriction
prevent thrombus: barrier to collagen, metabolize ADP, formation of prostacyclin
What substance causes vasodilation?
Nitric oxide
What substance causes vasoconstriction?
endothelin
What does metabolizing ADP do?
prevents platelet formation
Whats does formation of prostacyclin do?
vasodilates, prevents platelet activation
Endothelium dysfunction relates to what 4 disease?
Hypertension
Coronary disease
Heart failure
Diabetes
What is the theory behind the endothelium dysfunction diseases?
Chronic inflammation theory
_____ is the ability of the vessel to stretch.
Distensibility
_____ allows for venous reservoir: veins > arterial.
Distensibility
____ is the ability of vessel to stretch and hold volume.
Compliance
True or False? Veins are much more compliant than arteries.
True
______ = change in vascular pressure/resistance.
blood flow
_______ is % of cells in blood.
Hematocrit
____ are elastic vessels.
Large arteries
____ are resistance vessels.
Arterioles and Terminal arteries
____ are capacitance vessels.
Venules and veins
_____ are conduit and feed vessels.
Metarterioles
____ are exchange vessels.
Capillaries
What are the 6 functions of capillaries?
Permeability –exchange waste products to
nutrients
Activation –in lung converts Angiotensin I to
Angiotensin II
Inactivation –bradykinins, prostaglandins,
serotonin, norepinephrine, thrombin into inert
products
Lipolysis –lipoprotein lipase
Production of vasoactive factors –e.g., nitric
oxide
Antithrombogenicfunction –PGi2 (vasodilator,
inhibits PLT activation & barrier to collagen
_____ is pressure form weight of fluid.
Hydrostatic pressure
____ prevents the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure
What are the 5 factors that affect filtration?
- blood pressure
- blood flow
- blood protein
- capillary permeability
- lymphatic drainage
What are the five factors that influence pressure and flow?
- ANS
- Chemoreceptors
- Baroreceptors
- CNS
- Neurohormones
______ respond to hypotension with vasoconstriction.
Alpha 1 and alpha 2
_____ causes vasodilation which leads to hypotension.
Beta 2
Beta 2 is needed for fight and flight response by dilating which 4 areas?
- coronary arteries
- hepatic arteries
- skeletal muscle
- bronchioles
Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus send signals to what nerve in the medulla?
IX - Glossopharyngeal
Baroreceptors in the aortic arch send signals to what nerve in the medulla?
X - Vagus
True or False? Carotid sinus is more sensitive than aortic arch in respect to baroreceptors.
True
What is the effect of increased SNS activation?
An increase in CO and TPR to increase BP
Increased action potentials from the baroreceptors will lead to: ______.
inhibition of SNS:
- decrease SNS and increased vagal tone
- effect decrease CO adn TPR to decrease BP
_____ is pressure exerted during ejection.
systolic pressure
____ is pressure exerted during cardiac relaxation.
Diastolic pressure
What are three key factors for pulse pressure?
- arteriole function
- SV
- arterial compliance
____ occurs on graph when aortic valve closes.
Dicrotic notch
True or False? MAP - RAP = TPR X CO.
True
What three things activate chemoreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch?
- decreased PaO2 (aortic response only)
- decreased pH
- increased PaCO2
Increased APs in chemoreceptors leads to: _____.
- increased SNS
- effect increase Co adn TPR to increase BP
Atrial natriuretic peptide is released from ____ when _____.
atria, stretched
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) also called vasopressin is released from ______.
posterior pituitary
Atrial natriuretic peptide causes _____.
loss of Na and H2O
ADH causes ____>
retaining of H2O
What three things cause capillary fluid shift?
- increase in hydrostatic pressure
- fluid shift of plasma to intersitial space
- decreased volume and BP to a point
______ causes vitals to change during transitional movements.
Orthostatic hypotension
_____ is holding your breath.
Valsalva Maneuver
