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Physiology > Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

The left side of the heart has ____ pressure.

A

high

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2
Q

The right side of the heart has ____ pressure.

A

low

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3
Q

Name the phases of cardiac cycle in order and specific whether diastole or systole.

A 
Passive Ventricular Filling (diastole)
Atrial Contraction (diastole)
Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction (systole)
Ventricular Ejection (systole)
Isovolumetric Relaxation
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4
Q

____ is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle on each beat (ml).

A

Stroke Volume (SV)

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5
Q

What is the normal range for SV?

A

50-70ml

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6
Q

______ is the maximal volume in left ventricle just prior to ejection.

A

End diastolic volume

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7
Q

____ is the volume in left ventricle at end of ejection.

A

End systolic volume

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8
Q

_____ is the fraction of the end-diastolic volume ejected in each SV.

A

Ejection Fraction (EF)

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9
Q

What is the normal EF range?

A

50-70%

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10
Q

EF less than ____ is heart dysfunction.

A

40%

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11
Q

_____ is the total volume ejected by the ventricle per unit time (ml/min).

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

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12
Q

_____ = SV X HR

A

CO

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13
Q

What is the normal range for CO?

A

5-7 l/min

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14
Q

______ = CO/body surface area.

A

Cardiac Index (CI)

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15
Q

What are the two major cardiac factors that effect cardiac output?

A

Heart Rate and Myocardial caontracitility

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16
Q

What are the two major coupling factors that effect cardiac output?

A

Afterload and Preload

17
Q

____ is the volume at the end of diastole.

A

Preload

18
Q

____ is primarily a reflection of venous return.

A

Preload

19
Q

True or False? Preload is measured indirectly.

A

True

20
Q

____ states that the energy of contraction is proportional to the muscle fibre length at rest.

A

Starling’s law of the heart

21
Q

Central Venous Pressure (CVP) relates to what chamber of the heart?

A

Right Atria

22
Q

Pulmonary Capillary wedge Pressure (PCWP) relates to what chamber of the heart?

A

Left Atria

23
Q

Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) relates to what chamber of the heart?

A

Right Ventricle

24
Q

_____ is the force against which the ventricles must contract to eject blood.

A

Afterload

25
Q

Systemic Arterial Pressure (SAP) is related to what chamber of the heart?

A

Left Ventricle

26
Q

Afterload is clinically estimated by examining what two things?

A

PAP and SAP

27
Q

_____ relates wall tension to internal pressure; too big is bad.

A

Laplace’s Law

28
Q

True or False? If the radius of the heart dilates excessively, and if the active tension has reached the plateau, then diastolic pressure generated by the contraction will fall, reducing stroke volume.

A

False. If the radius of the heart dilates excessively, and if the active tension has reached the plateau, then SYSTOLIC pressure generated by the contraction will fall, reducing stroke volume.

29
Q

True or False? In afterload, isovolumetric contraction must exceed arterial diastolic pressures to open semilunar valves.

A

True

30
Q

High pressures in the arterial vessels during ventricular end diastole is inversely related to _______.

A

stroke volume

31
Q

As HR increases, the diastolic period and filling time _____ disproportionately and stroke volume ____.

A

decreases, declines

32
Q

As HR increases, Q _____.

A

increases up to a maximum and then CO starts to decline

33
Q

_____ is the shortening of the myofilaments leading to force generation.

A

Contractility or inotropy

34
Q

Contractility is affected by what 5 things?

A
  • myocardia health (necrotic tissue does not contract)
  • chamber size
  • preload and afterload
  • SNS and catecholamines
  • medications
35
Q

Filling of the LV is determined by ____ and _____.

A

CVP and RV SV

36
Q

Cardiac “stroke work curve” increases when ______ increases.

A

preload

37
Q

True or False? Right hearts does about 10% mire pressure-volume work than the left heart does.

A

False. Vice Versa

38
Q

Parasympathetic innervation is limited to the ____, ____, and _____ therefore it has little effect on contractility of the ventricles.

A

atria, SA nodes, AV nodes

Physiology (15 decks)

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