Cardiac Output

Question 1

The left side of the heart has ____ pressure.

Answer 1

high

Question 2

The right side of the heart has ____ pressure.

Answer 2

low

Question 3

Name the phases of cardiac cycle in order and specific whether diastole or systole.

Answer 3

Passive Ventricular Filling (diastole)
Atrial Contraction (diastole)
Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction (systole)
Ventricular Ejection (systole)
Isovolumetric Relaxation

Question 4

____ is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle on each beat (ml).

Answer 4

Stroke Volume (SV)

Question 5

What is the normal range for SV?

Answer 5

50-70ml

Question 6

______ is the maximal volume in left ventricle just prior to ejection.

Answer 6

End diastolic volume

Question 7

____ is the volume in left ventricle at end of ejection.

Answer 7

End systolic volume

Question 8

_____ is the fraction of the end-diastolic volume ejected in each SV.

Answer 8

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Question 9

What is the normal EF range?

Answer 9

50-70%

Question 10

EF less than ____ is heart dysfunction.

Answer 10

40%

Question 11

_____ is the total volume ejected by the ventricle per unit time (ml/min).

Answer 11

Cardiac Output (CO)

Question 12

_____ = SV X HR

Answer 12

CO

Question 13

What is the normal range for CO?

Answer 13

5-7 l/min

Question 14

______ = CO/body surface area.

Answer 14

Cardiac Index (CI)

Question 15

What are the two major cardiac factors that effect cardiac output?

Answer 15

Heart Rate and Myocardial caontracitility

Question 16

What are the two major coupling factors that effect cardiac output?

Answer 16

Afterload and Preload

Question 17

____ is the volume at the end of diastole.

Answer 17

Preload

Question 18

____ is primarily a reflection of venous return.

Answer 18

Preload

Question 19

True or False? Preload is measured indirectly.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

____ states that the energy of contraction is proportional to the muscle fibre length at rest.

Answer 20

Starling’s law of the heart

Question 21

Central Venous Pressure (CVP) relates to what chamber of the heart?

Answer 21

Right Atria

Question 22

Pulmonary Capillary wedge Pressure (PCWP) relates to what chamber of the heart?

Answer 22

Left Atria

Question 23

Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) relates to what chamber of the heart?

Answer 23

Right Ventricle

Question 24

_____ is the force against which the ventricles must contract to eject blood.

Answer 24

Afterload

Question 25

Systemic Arterial Pressure (SAP) is related to what chamber of the heart?

Answer 25

Left Ventricle

Question 26

Afterload is clinically estimated by examining what two things?

Answer 26

PAP and SAP

Question 27

_____ relates wall tension to internal pressure; too big is bad.

Answer 27

Laplace's Law

Question 28

True or False? If the radius of the heart dilates excessively, and if the active tension has reached the plateau, then diastolic pressure generated by the contraction will fall, reducing stroke volume.

Answer 28

False. If the radius of the heart dilates excessively, and if the active tension has reached the plateau, then SYSTOLIC pressure generated by the contraction will fall, reducing stroke volume.

Question 29

True or False? In afterload, isovolumetric contraction must exceed arterial diastolic pressures to open semilunar valves.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

High pressures in the arterial vessels during ventricular end diastole is inversely related to _______.

Answer 30

stroke volume

Question 31

As HR increases, the diastolic period and filling time _____ disproportionately and stroke volume ____.

Answer 31

decreases, declines

Question 32

As HR increases, Q _____.

Answer 32

increases up to a maximum and then CO starts to decline

Question 33

_____ is the shortening of the myofilaments leading to force generation.

Answer 33

Contractility or inotropy

Question 34

Contractility is affected by what 5 things?

Answer 34

- myocardia health (necrotic tissue does not contract) - chamber size - preload and afterload - SNS and catecholamines - medications

Question 35

Filling of the LV is determined by ____ and _____.

Answer 35

CVP and RV SV

Question 36

Cardiac "stroke work curve" increases when ______ increases.

Answer 36

preload

Question 37

True or False? Right hearts does about 10% mire pressure-volume work than the left heart does.

Answer 37

False. Vice Versa

Question 38

Parasympathetic innervation is limited to the ____, ____, and _____ therefore it has little effect on contractility of the ventricles.

Answer 38

atria, SA nodes, AV nodes