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Biochem Exam 3 > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Posthepatic jaundice usually due to what?

A

Obstruction of the bile duct

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2
Q

Newborn jaundice due to

A

Low Glucuronyl Transferase activity

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3
Q

Two enzymes of Bilirubin synthesis

A

Heme Oxygenase

Biliverdin Reductase

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4
Q

High neonatal bilirubin results in

A

Acute Kernicterus

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5
Q

When would you test for unconjugated bilirubin (indirect)

A

Hemolytic Anemia and Gilbert syndrome

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6
Q

What is Gilbert syndrome

A

low glucuronyl transferase

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7
Q

When to test for conjugated bilirubin (direct)

A

Bile duct obstruction, liver dysfunction,

DUBIN-JOHNSON SYN. (= impaired bile secretion)

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8
Q

What kinds of reactions do CYP enzymes mediate?

A 
They oxidize things to conjugate and excrete (increase solubility.
Also: 
-Expoxidations
-N & O dealkylation
-S- Oxidation
-Hydroxylation
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9
Q

Features of CYP enzymes (3)

A

Flavin-containing reductase
located on sER membrane
generates radical intermediate

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10
Q

CYP3A4 properties (3)

A
  • most abundant
  • inhibited by FURANOCOUMARIN
  • metabolize Acetominophen, Cyclosporins, and Lovastatin
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11
Q

Phase 2 detox involves addition of what molecules?

A

Cysteine, Glycine, + Sulfur, and glucuronide

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12
Q

Sulfation substrates

A

NT’s
Steroids
Tylenol or other drugs

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13
Q

Glucuronation Substrates

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Steroids
Nitrosamines

–Removes used hormones

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14
Q

Substrates for Glycine conjugation

A

Benzoates and Salicylates

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15
Q

Benzoate is a Tx for what?

A

Hyperammonemia

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16
Q

What accumulates in porphyria?

A

ALA + PBG

= heme synthesis intermediates

17
Q

Porphyrin structure

A

Cyclic with 4 PYRROLE rings

Binds Iron prosthetic groups for Hb, Mb, and CYP enzymes

18
Q

2 stages of Heme synthesis (steps and enzymes

A
  1. gamma-ALA produced from SUCCINYL-COA and GLYCINE (by ALA Synthase)
  2. Condensation of 2 gamma-ALA molecules to form PBG (by ALA Dehydratase
19
Q

gamma ALA synthesis requires what?

A

B6

20
Q

Heme synthesis regulation (what inhibits the two enzymes)

A

ALA synthase inhibited by heme
ALA dehydratase inhibited in LEAD poisioning

**High ALA and low PBG is diagnostic for lead poisoning

21
Q

Other types of porphyrias (2)

A

Erythropoietic = low FERROCHELATASE

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda = Most common, low UROPORPHINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE

22
Q

Tx for Porphyria

A

Hematin

23
Q

Iron travels bound to _____, and is stored as _____. Which is used to test for Iron Status?

A

Transferrin (3+), Ferritin

FERRITIN used to test for iron status

24
Q

Iron absorption path

A

Fe2+ absorbed (ferroportin)

Ceruloplasmin conversion to 3+

25
Q

Excess iron stored as

A

Hemosiderin

26
Q

In fatty acid metabolism, flavoprotein transfers what?

A

electrons to molecular Oxygen

27
Q

In fatty acid metabolism, FA’s are shortened to ______. Why?

A

Octanyl CoA - better mitochondrial substrate

28
Q

MCAD is what? Where?

A

Medium chain acyl CoA Dehydrogenase

Liver and Kidney

29
Q

PPAR is…

A

Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors

30
Q

What do PPAR do? (general)

A

Regulate lipid metabolism by increasing the number of peroxisomes

31
Q

What is PPAR-alpha? What does it do?

A

The major receptor in the liver

Binds to FA’s, and signals gene transcription for Lipoprotein lipase, Apolipoprotein A1 & A2, and CPT1

32
Q

Bile composition

A

Bile salts + PL’s + Cholesterol + Bilirubin + Water + electrolytes

33
Q

RLS for bile salt synthesis

A

7-alpha hydroxylation reaction

34
Q

Why can’t liver use ketones?

A

It doesn’t have CoA transferase needed to convert Acetoacetate —-> acetoacetyl CoA

35
Q

What tissues prefer Ketones?

A

Cardiac muscle and Kidney

Biochem Exam 3 (10 decks)

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