Liver Flashcards
What are 4 functions of the liver?
- Metabolism
- Detoxification
- Protein synthesis
- Synthesis of clotting factors
Storing glucose as glycogen
Glycogenesis
Breaking down of glycogen into glucose
Glycogenolysis
Forming glucose from non-carbohydrates sources
Gluconeogenesis
What fat synthesis does the liver contribute to?
- Lipoprotein
- Cholesterol
What does the liver convert ammonia to?
Urea
The breakdown of toxic substances
Detoxification
In detoxification, _______ substances are converted to ________ for excretion
Lipophilic; water soluble
What pressure is associated with albumin?
Oncotic
What proteins does the liver synthesize?
- Albumin
- Alpha-globulins
- Clotting factors
What anticoagulants does the liver synthesize? 3
- Protein C
- Protein S
- Anti-thrombin
What are 2 markers for hepatocyte death?
- AST
- ALT
What is a marker for hepatic encephalopathy?
Ammonia
True or False: most patients with cirrhosis are asymptomatic until late in the disease process
True
Fibrotic changes to the liver
Cirrhosis
What 3 things does cirrhosis lead to?
- Collapse of liver structure
- Increased resistance to portal blood flow
- Decrease in synthetic function
True or false: fibrosis of the liver is irreversible
False (remove underlying cause)
What 3 things are involved in the transition from chronic liver disease to cirrhosis?
- Inflammation
- Angiogenesis
- Portal Hypertension
What 2 factors are needed to diagnose cirrhosis?
- Imaging of irregular or nodules liver
- Impaired synthetic liver function
True or false: a biopsy is not recommended for identify cirrhosis
True
What is the description for stage 1 cirrhosis?
Compensated with no esophageal varices
What is the description for stage 2 cirrhosis?
Compensated with varices
What is the description for stage 3 cirrhosis?
Decompensated with ascites
What is the description for stage 4 cirrhosis?
Decompensated with GI bleeding
What is the description for stage 5 cirrhosis?
Infections and renal failure
What are 7 clinical presentations
- Fatigue
- Jaundice
- Dark urine
- Light stool
- Itching
- Abdominal pain
- Bloating
What is the hallmark symptom of liver disease?
Jaundice
What is elevated that contributes to dark urine?
Bilirubin
When does dark urine generally present?
Prior to jaundice
Jaundice without dark urine can be caused by what disease state?
Hemolytic anemia
What causes light stools?
Inability to absorb fats due to hyperalbuminemia
What 3 things show spontaneous rupture to micro vasculature?
- Spider angioma
- Red palms
- Ecchymoses
What is the symptom of itching caused by?
Hyperbilirubinemia
What are 5 symptoms shown in liver disease?
- Ascites
- Encephalopathy
- Sepsis
- Variceal bleeding
- Non-obstructive jaundice
