lithosphere

Question 1

corrie

Answer 1

armchair shaped hollow with a steep backwall and rock lip

Question 2

arete

Answer 2

narrow knife edge ridge where two corries cut back into each other

Question 3

pyramidal peak

Answer 3

pointed peak with steep slopes with aretes where 3 or more corries cut back

Question 4

glacial trough

Answer 4

steep sided U-shaped valley that is widened steepened and deepened

Question 5

hanging valley

Answer 5

tributary valley that is left high above the main valley

Question 6

truncated spur

Answer 6

steep cliff like valley sides

Question 7

ribbon lake

Answer 7

long narrow lake in a trough

Question 8

corrie lochan

Answer 8

small deep circular lake within a corrie

Question 9

glaciation- plucking

Answer 9

ice freezes onto solid rock and as the glacier moves it causes pieces of rock to move with it

Question 10

glaciation- frost shattering

Answer 10

a physical weathering process, water enter the joints and cracks in the rock and freezes as it does this it expands putting pressure onto the rock, this slowly causes angular pieces of rock to fall off and can fall down hill making scree slopes

Question 11

glaciation- abrasion

Answer 11

morraine embedded into the base and sides of the glacier wears away the land like sandpaper

Question 12

how does a glacier form

Answer 12

glacier forms facing away from the sun, north facing, snow accumulates which compacts into firn and then becomes glacial ice and becomes angular snow which moves down hill by gravity

Question 13

what are large quantities of material called on glacier

Answer 13

moraine

Question 14

glaciation- supragically

Answer 14

material carried ontop of the glacier

Question 15

glaciation- englacially

Answer 15

material carried within the glacier

Question 16

glaciation -subglacially

Answer 16

material carried underneath the glacier by ice or meltwater

Question 17

glaciation- drift

Answer 17

boulders, sand and clay deposited under special conditions

Question 18

glaciation- till

Answer 18

unsorted material of rocks sand and clay of various sizes are deposited by the glacier. its main features are erratics, morraine, drumlins

Question 19

glaciation- fluvioglacial material

Answer 19

sorted material, main sands and gravel that are deposited by meltwater streams. its main features are eskers, kames, kettles, braided streams

Question 20

glaciation- lateral morraine

Answer 20

carried on the surface of the glacier, comes from rockfalls on valley slopes. when the ice melts the material is dumped in a lonh line along the valleyside

Question 21

glaciation- ground morraine

Answer 21

material dragged underneath a glacier. when deposited it forms a flat valley floor

Question 22

glaciation- terminal morraine

Answer 22

terminal morraine is dumped at the end of the glacier. it forms and arc like ridge across the valley

Question 23

glaciation- drumlins

Answer 23

have steep stass side with a mound of glacial fill and a gentle side with a more streamlined appearance. the direction of the ice is parallel to the movement of long axis . drumlins usually occur in groups and are though to be formed when the ice becomes overloaded with material and it was forced to deposit some, streamlining occured by later ice movement

Question 24

formation of a corrie

Answer 24

before glaciation- snow accumulates in the north facing hollow and compacts into firn and then glacial ice

during glaciation- frost shattering contributes morraine to the glacier and plucking steepens the back wall.max erosion is where the ice is deepest and the rotational movement of morraine deepens hollow by abrasion and can form a rock lip and bershrund crevace

after glaciation- corrie lochan formed along with a scree slope as frost shattering is still present and morraine acts as a natural dam

Question 25

formation of pyramidal peak and arete

Answer 25

before glaciation- a round top mountain is present with shallow depressions during glaciation- the exposed part of the mountain is shattered by frost shattering and ice eats back into the hill from the corrie by plucking which will cause a ridge between to start to narrow steepen and sharpen after glaciation- pyramidal peak is formed when 3 or more aretes meet which is formed bwteen two corries

Question 26

formation of glacial trough and hanging valley

Answer 26

before glaciation- a v shaped valley with a main river meandering around interlocking spurs is present with tributaries during glaciation- the main valley glaicer widens deepens steepens and straightens the valley by plucking and abrasion, the tributary valley glacier is smaller so less erosion occurs after glaciation- steep straight spurs have been truncated a flat valley floor is present usually with a misfit stream, due to differential erosion tributary valleys are left hanging above floor of the main valley

Question 27

formation of terminal morraine

Answer 27

as the ice moves, the glacier pushes unsorted and angular debris infront of it. the snout of the glacier can rwmain stationary for long periods of time when melting and accumulation are equal the boulder clay or till is then deposited as a ridge across the valley floor. a series of morraines will occur if the glacier retreats with pauses

Question 28

formation of esker

Answer 28

a sinous ridge of sorted and rounded silt, sand , gravel deposited by meltwater frosting in sub-glacial channels or through tunnels of ice

Question 29

how is the size of a wave determined

Answer 29

speed of wind, length of time the wind has been blowing, distance of sea it has travelled over

Question 30

coastal-wave pounding

Answer 30

steep waves generate great speed as the bit foot of the cliff

Question 31

coastal- hydraulic action

Answer 31

as a wave breaks air is compressed into cracks in the rock. the rock is loosened so that fragments are washed off.

Question 32

coastal- abrasion/corasion

Answer 32

pebbles are repeatedly picked up from the sea bed and are hurled against the cliff wearing it away

Question 33

coastal-attrition

Answer 33

rocks in the wave a rebashed off each other rounded and smooth

Question 34

coastal- salt crystalisation

Answer 34

salt water enters pore spaces in the rocks and evaporates leaving crystals behind which out stress on the rock causing it to disintegrate

Question 35

coastal- carbonation

Answer 35

rock such as limestones dissolve by slightly acidic water

Question 36

coastal- frost shattering

Answer 36

only in exposed cold locations

Question 37

coastal- biological weathering

Answer 37

may occur where plants grow on cracks on the rock cliff

Question 38

formation of wave cut platforms

Answer 38

form at the foot of the cliff often at a headland where energy is maximum, erosion by abrasion corrosion pounding and hydraulic action result in undercutting the cliff to form a wave-cut notch with overhang above, this continues causing the overhang to collapse, as process repeats the cliff retreats back leaving a gently sloping wave cut platform. the platform widens overtime and the waves break further out to sea which reduces rate of erosion and limiting growth

Question 39

formation of headlands and bays

Answer 39

form where there is differential erosion due to alternate bands of more and less resistant rock, this coastline consists of parallel bands of hard and soft rock which are perpendicular to the sea. due to the differential erosion the bands of soft rock are eroded more quickly than the bands of resistant rock resulting in bays and headlands

Question 40

formation of cave, arch, stack and stump

Answer 40

coasts occur where the coastline consists of hard rock and is attacked by waves along a line of weakness such as a joint. they will attack the line of weakness with hydraulic action, abrasion and solution. occasionally a blowhole will be created within the cave where compressed air is pushed upwards by the power of the wave and vertical hydraulic erosion works. overtime horizontal erosion may cut through the headland forming and arch. continual erosion may eventually cause the roof to fall leaving a stack isolated from the cliff. overtime the stack can fall due to erosion leaving a stump

Question 41

formation of longshore drift

Answer 41

waves approach the beach at an angle because of prevailing winds, when they break swash carries material up the beach at the same angle. the backwash carries material straight back down the beach. the material then moves in a zigzag pattern and the material becomes more rounded and sorted as it travels.

Question 42

formation of a sand spit

Answer 42

a sand spit is a long narrow section of land made of sand which extends at a gentle angle out to sea from the mainland. longshore drift moves sand along the beacj which allows material to be deposited in open water. for this the sea has the be relatively shallow to allow accumulation to occur. it eventually builds up to sea level to form an extension of the beach. as the sandspit becomes longer its rate of growth decreases because the water becomes deeper . wind from different direction can cause sand spit to become hooked.

Question 43

formation of a sandbar and lagoon

Answer 43

if a large river drains into an estuary behind a spit it will not cross the mouth as the river current carries materials out to sea. however if there is no major river the spit may continue to grow across the bay to the next headland to form a bar. bars straighten the coastline and trap water in lagoons that cut off supply of sea water, a lagoon is a body of brackish water which often supports specialized plants and animals . the lagoon may evaporate and become filled with sediment becoming salt marsh or dry land

Question 44

tombolo

Answer 44

a tombolo is a beach or spit which extends out to reach an offshore island. small tomolos are often only exposed at low tide

Question 45

sand dune

Answer 45

sand dunes form along low land coasts where there is a sandy beach and alrge expanse of beach at low tide. with these conditions a low tide onshore wind picks up dry sand and moves it up the beach by saltation, the sand is moved as far as the strandline,