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higher geography > hydrosphere > Flashcards

hydrosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

input example

A

precipitation

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2
Q

precipitation

A

main inputs, includes all forms of precipitation (rain,snow)

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3
Q

storage examples

A

surface, soil water, vegetation, channel, ground water, interception

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4
Q

surface storage

A

part of precipitation retained on ground surface

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5
Q

soil water storage

A

the water stored in soil

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6
Q

vegetation storage

A

water stored in vegetation

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7
Q

groundwater storage

A

water stored in the ground

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8
Q

channel storage

A

volume of water in a channel

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9
Q

interception

A

process in which raindrops are prevented from reaching soil surface.

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10
Q

transfer examples

A

throughfall and stem flow, surface run-off, infiltration, throughflow, percolation, groundwater flow, channel flow

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11
Q

through fall and stem flow

A

water drips from leaf or plant to another . water runs down a stem or trunk

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12
Q

surface run-off

A

total of all water that flows over surface of river basin

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13
Q

infiltration

A

water soaks into soil and moves , influenced by permeability and porosity of soil

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14
Q

throughflow

A

water continues to move downhill into soil and ground which can emerge into channels

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15
Q

percolation

A

water moves through and seeps down the soil and can continue to move deeper into the rocks

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16
Q

groundwater flow

A

flow that feeds into rivers through river banks and beds

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17
Q

channel flow

A

water flowing in a river

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18
Q

output examples

A

transpiration, evaporation

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19
Q

transpiration

A

biological process which water is lost from the plant through minute pores in leaves

20
Q

evaporation

A

liquid water is transformed into water vapour

21
Q

what does the lag time on a hydrograph show

A

the difference in time between the peak rainfall and peak discharge

22
Q

what is discharge

A

discharge is the flow of water from a channel at any given time

23
Q

how does basin size and shape affect lag time

A

in smaller basins, rainfall will reach the channel more quickly so will have a shorter lag time
circular basins have a shorter lag time compared to elongated basins and are more likely to flood

24
Q

how does the rock type affect lag time

A

impermeable rocks such as granite will have a faster run off due to limited infiltration meaning lag time is shorter than what is would be with a permeable rock that water can be held in

25
Q

how does soil type affect lag time

A

sandy soils will have more infiltration rates so lag time is longer where as clay soils do not so there’s is shorter

26
Q

how does vegetation effect lag time

A

if there is a lot of vegetation in the areas the vegetation will intercept the rainfall and absorb it meaning that the lag time will be longer as it is taking more time for the water to reach the channel

27
Q

how does land use affect the lag time

A

urbanisation: impermeable road surface, sloping roofs , guttering and drainage system transfer water quickly to rivers so shorter lag time
poor farming methods: digger drainage ditches and ploughing on wet land will increase surface run off inturn decreasing the lag time

28
Q

how does river use affect the lag time

A

building dams and creating reservoirs slow down the rate of discharge and water is held back this means that lag time is increased

29
Q

how does drainage density affect the lag time

A

the larger the streams and rivers per area the shorter distance the water has to flow so a shorter lag time

30
Q

how does precipitation affect lag time

A

the greater the rainfall the greater the surface run off which will shorten the lag time

31
Q

how does the seasons affect the lag time

A

in summer more water is evaporated or consumed or transpired so there is a decrease in surface run off leading to a increase lag time

32
Q

erosion- attrition

A

when boulders and rocks bash of each other and become rounded and smooth and smaller

33
Q

erosion processes

A

attrition, abrasion, hydraulic action and corrosion

34
Q

erosion- abrasion

A

rocks bash of the the river bed which wears it away and banks by the river load

35
Q

erosion- hydraulic action

A

river hitting the banks compresses air into joints whic breaks off particles

36
Q

erosion- corrosion

A

dissolving minerals in rocks by the river water water which varies according to nature of the rocks

37
Q

transportation methods

A

traction, saltation, suspension, solution

38
Q

transportation- traction

A

large pebbles and rocks are dragged along the river bed

39
Q

transportation- saltation

A

small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

40
Q

transportation- suspension

A

light sediments of silt and clay are held in suspension by the rivers turbulence

41
Q

solution

A

minerals are dissolved in water causes a chemical change

42
Q

deposition

A

when the sediments are removed from the course

43
Q

when does deposition occur

A

deposition occurs when the river does not have sufficient energy to move the sediments further

44
Q

how is a v-shaped valley formed

A
  • found in the upper course
  • very little energy to erode
    sideways so erodes
    downwards (vertically)
  • does this through corrasion
    and hydraulic action
  • vertical erosion creates a steep
    narrow gorge and sides are
    attacked by frost shattering
    -weathered material will fall
    from sides .
  • sides of the gorge are less steep so v-shape formed
45
Q

how are meanders formed

A
  • develop riffles and pools
  • variation between both deflect
    flows against river
    -side to side motion means that
    the flow on the outer banks is
    more fast and powerful
    -corrasion and hydraulic action
  • outer banks is undercut and
    material will fall causing a river
    cliff
  • action causes channel to widen
    due to lateral erosion
  • inside the bend has less
    energy and any material is
    deposited here
    -flow of water is helicodial and
    outer bend continues to erode
    the river cliff
  • transports material to a slip off slope
46
Q

how to form an ox-bow lake

A
  • occurs in middle to low course
  • lateral erosion continues to
    make meanders more sinuous
  • lateral erosion narrow neck of
    meander and water will find
    the most direct route to
    flowing round the meander
    -at a time of extra river energy
    water cuts across neck of
    meander and erodes a new
    channel
  • after the flood it can continue
    on this channel
  • the fastest flow of water is now
    in the middle and it deposits
    on its side
  • these deposits and point bar
    seal off old meander and ox-
    bow lake is formed.
47
Q

how is a waterfall formed

A
  • water flows over areas of hard resistant rock and soft rock
  • soft rock erodes more quickly by hydraulic action and corrasion
  • causes the soft rock the undercut the hard rock and forms an overhang
  • river now flows over hang and increases velocity
  • erosion of soft rock continues by hydraulic action
  • as water swirls plunge pool is formed and becomes bigger and deeper as water erodes it further
  • plunge pool undercuts overhang and it becomes unstable and collapse
  • collapsed rocks erode plunge pull further by corrasion
  • rocks are word down by attrition
  • whole process repeats until waterfall retreats upstream and leaves gorge in front

higher geography (4 decks)

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