Literature Section Flashcards

Question

Hodgson et al. JVIM 2019. Development and validation of a multivariate predictive model to estimate serum ionized calcium from serum biochemical profile results in cats. What were the sensitivity and specificity for detecting hypocalcemia of a predictive model for calculating ionized calcium from total calcium & other biochemical/signalment parameters in cats?

Answer 1

Sensitivity: 0% Specificity: 99.6%

Answer 2

Dogs: 43% Cats: 45.5%

Answer 3

Dogs: 13.7% Cats: 17.8% 23% of cats and 36% of dogs with infections required surgical debridement

Answer 4

No factors associated with outcome. Included: - Whether 2nd agent was used vs. glucocorticoids alone - Any clinicopathologic parameters, including albumin, cobalamin - AUS findings

Answer 5

Stomach: lymphoplasmacytic inflammation SI: lymphoplasmacytic plus eosinophilic inflamamtion most common; then chronic active (LP + neutrophilic) Colon: lymphoplasmacytic inflammation Crypt abscessation (55%), villous blunting (45%), lacteal dilation (32%) common

Answer 6

Mucosal hyperechoic speckling and vertical striations Sensitivity: 75% Specificity: 96%

Answer 7

Dogs with low 25-OHD had higher severity scores (CCECAI) & higher CRP, lower vitamin E, cholesterol, albumin

Answer 8

Moderate negative correlation b/w 25-OHD and duodenal morphologic scores (villous blunting, crypt dilation, epithelial injury, lacteal dilation, mucosal fibrosis) Moderate negative correlation b/w 25-OHD and duodenal inflammation scores Moderate negative correlation with total histopath score in duodenum, combined duodenum and ileum

Answer 9

No; no difference in VDBP b/w CIE dogs with low vs. normal 25-OHD

Answer 10

Weight loss, vomiting, anorexia most common Only 10% had regurgitation as a clinical sign

Answer 11

More likely acquired - 65% of cats were \> 3 y old at diagnosis - 29% had upper airway obstruction --\> possible cause Dogs: 75% of sliding hiatal hernias congenital

Answer 12

Type I: sliding Type II: Paraesophageal (cranial stomach "flips" up alongside esophagus) Type III: displacement of LES and fundus into thorax Type IV: liver, stomach, SI herniate into thorax Type I present in 85.7% of cats

Answer 13

TXR: 38% VFSS: 100% CT: 100%

Answer 14

Prednisone: 11x higher odds of developing mucosal lesion score _\>_ 4 Pred + aspirin: 31.5x higher odds of developing mucosal lesion score _\>_ 4

Answer 15

Pred & pred + aspirin groups: increased ALP, UPC, BUN/creatinine No effect on clinical signs (even dogs with severe endoscopic lesions did not show clinical signs of GI hemorrhage)

Answer 16

Irreversible acetylation of COX active site on platelets and megakaryocytes --\> decreased thromboxane production & decreased aggregation

Answer 17

Gastric lesions: 14/16 (87.5%) SI lesions: 12/14 (85.7%) 2 capsules failed to leave the stomach (13%)

Answer 18

CRI administration was superior Mean % time pH _\>_ 3 for CRI: Day 1 --\> 92.1%, Day 2 --\> 96.3%, Day 3 --\> 90% For bolus: Day 1 --\> 49.3%, Day 2 --\> 42.2%, Day 3 --\> 45.8%

Answer 19

Type I: megaesophagus with acontractile primary & absent secondary peristalsis Type II: hypomotile primary peristalsis w/ or w/o megaesophagus Type III: spastic or hypermotile distal esophagus against closed LES, w/ or w/o megaesophagus Pseudo: mechanical obstruction

Answer 20

Baseline esophageal fluid line (68%) Bird beak sign (63%)

Answer 21

61% of dogs with megaesophagus

Answer 22

74% of dogs with LES-AS had megaesophagus

Answer 23

Available studies not robust enough to make valid claim Overall effects appear clinically unimportant

Answer 24

Meta-analysis underpowered, but no effect for most probiotics Dietary intervention most important VSL#3 achieved remission as a single treatment in dogs with IBD, but not as quickly as pred/metronidazole combo

Answer 25

No effect on length of hospitalization or case fatality

Answer 26

* Enterococcus faecium* 1705 & 1707 * Lactobacillus acidophilus* 25 and D2/CSL * Bifidobacterium animalis* * Bacillus subtilis*

Answer 27

Day 7: decreased bacterial diversity (alpha & beta; Chao1, Shannon, observed spp) Variable return to normal diversity within two months

Answer 28

Increased: *Enterococcaceae, Peptosptreptococcaceae* Decreased: *Veilonellaceae, Fusobacteriaceae*

Answer 29

Absolute increase in primary bile acids on days 7 and 63 Relative increase (\>10% primary BA) at day 21

Answer 30

Primary bile acids synthesized by liver, conjugated to taurine, glycine & excreted into GI thru bile Secondary bile acids formed from conversion of primary bile acids via 7-alpha-dehydroxylation by *Clostridial* spp. In healthy humans, secondary bile acids predominate in the feces Increase in primary bile acids --\> dysbiosis

Answer 31

Alpha diversity: within-subject diversity Beta diversity: between-subject diversity Richness: how many different categories are there within the subject (Chao1) Evenness: how similar are the amounts within the different categories (Shannon)

Answer 32

Irreversible binding to the P2Y12 platelet receptor, preventing formation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex --\> inhibition of aggregation

Answer 33

Groups receiving prednisone had a 7x higher odds of having a mucosal lesion score _\>_ 4

Answer 34

Pred-receiving groups had increases in ALP, GGT, lipase, BUN:creatinine & UPC over time

Answer 35

Perioperative survival: 83% (coil) to 97% (thin-film) Clinical success: 81% (partial ligation) to 100% (coil or amplatzer) Surgical: 58% (thin-film) to 82% (ameroid)

Answer 36

Ameroid constrictor had increased odds of successful surgical outcome vs. thin-film band

Answer 37

No effect on ALT, ALP Did not evaluate other liver parameters, pseudofunction tests, bile acids, ammonia

Answer 38

Significant decrease in cholesterol at day 28 (14 d after discontinued) Progressive increases in triglycerides which became significant on day 28 One dog became hypertriglyceridemic

Answer 39

79% of dogs achieved remission Median time to remission was 2.5 months (range: 0.75-18 months)

Answer 40

No evaluated factors associated with likelihood/time to remission Evaluated: - use of hepatoprotectants - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - dose/duration of cyclosporine - ascites - prolonged coagulation times

Answer 41

GI upset in 38% Gingival hyperplasia in 25%

Answer 42

Muscle loss: 48.3% Weight loss: 42.1%

Answer 43

Cachexia Being over- or under-weight Azotemia Clinically important tachyarrhythmias

Answer 44

Lower albumin Older Arrhythmias Lower BCS Higher chloride Lower hematocrit

Answer 45

Mild: 45.6% Moderate: 93.1% Severe: 100%

Answer 46

No significant difference over time Parameters assessed: LA diameter, LV wall thickness, time to heart-related treatment failure

Answer 47

No significant difference in adverse effects, QOL scores, or CPC parameters compared to placebo

Answer 48

Decreased median survival time Increased cardiac & all-cause mortality No effect on non-cardiac mortality

Answer 49

CKD Neoplasia

Answer 50

Yes; owners 4.7x more likely to say it had an excellent overall treatment effect than placebo

Answer 51

Yes - 8 miRNAs differed

Answer 52

Urinary and fecal: \>40% of the spinal cord affected on T2 weighted MRI, paraplegia Just fecal: withholding NSAIDs, spinal shock signs

Answer 53

Urinary: 9.1% Fecal: 23.5%

Answer 54

Cats: TNCC \< 8/uL Dogs: TNCC \< 5/uL Protein: 25-30 mg/dL (up to 45 if lumbar tap) Cytology: small #s of small lymphocytes & large mononuclear cells

Answer 55

Prevalence: 47% of dogs with inflammatory CNS disorders had high CSF lactate - couldn't differentiate between different types of disease No association with survival

Answer 56

Intranasally (100 s vs. 270 s)

Answer 57

OR of 4.47 for cat with DM to have CKD Other factors: age, mixed breed

Answer 58

Heritability 0.62 Polygenic

Answer 59

Age, being male, neutered status

Answer 60

Screening in high-risk breeds with annual radiographs starting at 5-6 years Screening Pomeranians, Yorkies, Brussels even earlier

Answer 61

All high risk breeds were small breed dogs Japanese Chin, Brussels Griffon, Miniature Pinscher

Answer 62

Retrievers (Labrador, Golden)

Answer 63

Seroreactive more likely to have thrombocytopenia, anemia, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, neutrophilia Seroreactive more likely to have active urine sediment (pyuria, hematuria) and glucosuria without positive urine culture

Answer 64

C6 antigen is a portion of the VslE surface protein on the *Borrelia* organism Only expressed within the host during active infection BUT qualitative tests will remain positive even after treatment/resolution, sometimes for years

Answer 65

16% reobstruct 24% developed recurrent FIC signs

Answer 66

All cats had resolution of obstruction

Answer 67

0. 015 15. 4%

Answer 68

Overall: 52% Sent fracture: 25% Obstructive tissue ingrowth: 19% Progressive tracheal collapse: 12%

Answer 69

Stent fracture (MST 600 d vs. 1270 d)

Answer 70

High degree of natural tapering of the trachea Increased percentage of oversizing

Answer 71

EB dogs were less likely to have peripheral eosinophilia, radographic bronchiectasis, lower mean % eos on BAL cytology (21% vs. 55% EG, 61% EBP) Dogs with EBP more likely to have peripheral leukocytosis

Answer 72

EB: 41% EG: 12% EBP: 47% Prognosis of EG: 9/9 dogs with follow up info improved or resolved with GCs and mucolytics (NAC or nebulized saline)

Answer 73

Late-pregnant bitches had lower serum cobalamin, RBC counts BUT higher serum iron and transferrin saturation

Answer 74

Decreased TP (by 25%), fibrinogen (53%), bilirubin (36%), BUN (9%), creatinine (4.5%)

Answer 75

Renal impairment \> hepatic impairment

Answer 76

34%; 2 fatal complications

Answer 77

Lispro-treated cats had shorter time to BG \< 250 mg/dL (7 vs. 12.5 h) No difference in time to resolution of ketosis, acidosis, time to SC insulin administration, or time to hospital discharge No difference in hospitalization cost

Answer 78

0.09 U/kg/h had better outcome than 0.045 U/kg/h

Answer 79

Lower methionine, serine, tryptophan, proline

Answer 80

Plasma serine had weak negative correlation with CCECAI scores No amino acid correlated with CRP, WSAVA scores

Answer 81

CE dogs: lower acetate and proprionate; no change in butyrate SCFA decrease may indicate dysbiosis, as SCFAs are metabolic by-products of indigestible fiber fermentation by GI bacteria SCFAs increase anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGFb) SCFAs decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNFa) SCFAs keep pH low and prevent overgrowth of pH sensitive bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridia)

Answer 82

CE dogs had increased pathogenic *E. coli, Strep, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium* CE dogs had decreased Firmicutes (*Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Turicibacter*) CE dogs had decreased bacterial diversity (richness, CHAO1; evenness, Shannon) CE dogs had increased dysbiosis index

Answer 83

Could detect clinically-relevant hepatic fibrosis Couldn't detect early hepatic fibrosis vs. healthy dogs Could not detect high necroinflammatory scores

Answer 84

No sig difference in serum HA between dogs w/ and w/o clinically relevant hepatic fibrosis

Answer 85

Fibrosis --\> lower serum albumin and cholesterol BUT usu still within ref range

Answer 86

ATP7A --\> enterocyte basal membrane --\> transports copper from GI lumen into portal circulation; unclear role in copper hepatopathy APT7B --\> hepatocyte Golgi apparatus and lysosome, important for copper encorporation into ceruloplasmin & excretion into bile via hepatocyte apical membrane; had significant assocation with hepatic copper accumulation in Dutch and US Dobermanns

Answer 87

Centrolobular inflammation surrounding copper deposits around the central vein LP inflammation and necrosis in portal areas (autoimmunity)

Answer 88

COMMD1 gene

Answer 89

14-day mortality rate 19.6% Lower than previously-reported (22-40%)

Answer 90

Shelties, Cocker Spaniels, MIni Schnauzers MBD most commonly affected in this study

Answer 91

Surgical: MST 1802 d Medical: MST 1240 d Both: 203 d

Answer 92

Increasingly severe mucocele type increased serum ALP increased serum creatinine

Answer 93

Evidence of rupture on AUS (may prompt more aggressive management)

Answer 94

Maladaptive: AT1(1-10), AT2(1-8), AT3(2-8) Ang(2-7), Ang(3-7) Beneficial: Ang(1-9), Ang(1-7), Ang(1-5), AT4(3-8), Ang(2-10) Maladaptive receptor: AT2 receptor type 1 Beneficial receptors: AT2 receptor type 2, MasR, AT4(3-8) receptor

Answer 95

CHF (all dogs receiving ACEis): Increased maladaptive Ang(2-7), Ang(3-7) Increased beneficial Ang(2-10), Ang(1-9), Ang(1-7) No change in AT2, AT3(2-8)

Answer 96

Increased beneficial Ang(1-9), Ang(1-7), Ang(1-5) Decreased AT1, AT2

Answer 97

Lidocaine 2 mg/kg IV boluses up to 8 mg/kg 84% of dogs responded before developing adverse effects from lidocaine

Answer 98

Altered emotional state, decreased jumping/stairs, decreased energy level, increased vocalization, spinal pain, touch aversion, sleep disturbances

Answer 99

Phantom scratching, scoliosis, weakness, postural deficits

Answer 100

Increased F wave latency Increased cord dorsum potential onset latency Increased F ratio

Answer 101

9.4% of dogs had autoantibodies present to the NMDAR1 receptor

Answer 102

Dogs with HCC had higher copper and zinc concentrations in non-neoplastic liver tissue compared to dogs without HCC

Answer 103

HCC tissue had decreases in all trace mineral concentrations vs. non-neoplastic tissue

Answer 104

Grave prognosis: MST 55 days Outcome better with chemo+surgery (94 d) vs. chemo alone (64 d) or nothing (11 d)

Answer 105

Overall babesia: 2.9% B. gibsoni: 1.7% B. vulpes: 0.51% B. vogeli: 0.31% B. canis: 0.19%

Answer 106

79% of dogs co-infected with non-babesia infections Common co-infections: D. immitus, Wolbachia, hemotropic Mycoplasmas Common co-exposures: Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia

Answer 107

Atovaquone + azithromycin

Answer 108

Regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, proteinuria (azotemia uncommon), hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia

Answer 109

Vector-borne (Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus ticks) Dog bite Blood transfusion +/- transplacental

Answer 110

Sensitivity: 92% Specificity: 93% PPV: 83%

Answer 111

Sensitivity: 80% Specificity: 95% PPV: 73%

Answer 112

Coccidiodes

Answer 113

Cryptococcus

Answer 114

CKD cats had decreased bacterial diversity and richness

Answer 115

100% discharged 27% developed AKI 54% complication rate Higher initial NSAID dose associated with higher max creatinine & change in creatinine from baseline

Answer 116

No effect on GFR, no effect on UOP vs. D5W \< 1 hr increase in FeNa, FeBUN after both bolus and CRI No effect on FeK, FePhos

Answer 117

CRI could not maintain higher plasma mannitol No increased effect on fractional excretion of solutes vs. bolus

Answer 118

Creat: sensitivity 90%, specificity 90% SDMA: sensitivity 90%, specificity 87% Cystatin C: sensitivity 90%, specificity 74%

Answer 119

32% of dogs with CKD had positive urine culture 8% showed clinical signs

Answer 120

*E. coli* in 67% of cases

Answer 121

Isosthenuria \> 1.013-1.024 Being female

Answer 122

Could distinguish between progressive CKD and stable CKD with 80% sensitivity & 78% specificity Couldn't distinguish stable CKD from prerenal azotemia Couldn't distinguish progressive CKD from AKI

Answer 123

Antimicrobials within 30 days (dogs & cats) Immunosuppressive agents (dogs) Other lower urinary tract disease (cats) Diabetes mellitus, hospitalization history were NOT risk factors

Answer 124

IS was higher in CKD cats vs. non; NSD between cats with IRIS II vs. III & IV CKD No difference in pCS b/w CKD and controls

Answer 125

71% associated with ectopic ureters 13/14 stenotic or imperforate ureteral orifices 8/9 had resolution of urinary incontinence, 3/3 had resolution of pollakiuria Follow up imaging --\> ureterocele resolution & improvement in hydronephrosis/hydroureter in all dogs

Answer 126

Primary disorders of just the bronchioles * constrictive/obliterative bronchiolitis * mineral dust airway disease * infectious bronchiolitis (fungal, mycobacteriosis, influenza, herpes, *Mycoplasma*) Secondary - Extension from large airways * Asthma * Chronic bronchitis * Parasitic bronchitis * Bronchiectasis - Extension from interstitial lung disease * Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia * Bronchiolocentric interstitial pneumonia/airway-centered interstitial fibrosis

Answer 127

Direct signs: changes that allow you to actually see the bronchioles themselves * Tree in bud, peribronchiolar ground glass opacity, dilatation Indirect signs: changes in the surrounding parenchyma distal to diseased bronchiole * Mosaic attenuation, mosaic perfusion (constrictive bronchiolitis w/ fibrosis of the bronchiolar wall)

Answer 128

Decreased conjunctivitis throughout study period Increased respiratory scores (mainly from nasal discharge) days 15-28 Decreased DNA shedding with time

Answer 129

BAL lymphocytosis in 20% of dogs Likely a nonspecific response to airway injury from multiple etiologies May be associated with airway collapse

Answer 130

Macrophages: 80% Lymphocytes: 7% Eosinophils: 6% Neutrophils: 5% Basos, epi cells: 1%

Answer 131

Ang-2 higher in dogs with sepsis and SIRS than healthy dogs, higher in non-survivors VEGF higher in dogs with sepsis than dogs with SIRS & healthy dogs, higher in non-survivors

Answer 132

Ang-2 sensitivity 50%, specificity 87% for distinguishing survivors from non-survivors VEGF could not distinguish

Answer 133

Calprotectin was higher in Mini Schnauzers with high triglycerides or combined hyperlipidemia vs. hypercholesterolemia alone Presence & severity of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia decreased with switch to ultra-low-fat diet w/in 14-26 weeks Calprotectin did not change with switch to ultra-low-fat diet

Answer 134

1. 5-1.9x delay in prothrombin time 1. 5-1.9x delay in R-value on TEG

Answer 135

Focal thickening (med 9.9 mm) adjacent to pancreas Thickening in submucosa --\> hyperechoic or lacy appearance

Answer 136

SIRS, coagulopathy, increased creatinine, ionized hypocalcemia 33% death rate in 30 days

Answer 137

1.5 mg/kg maintained dosing interval 28-30d Dogs \< 3y of age needed higher doses

Answer 138

22% hyperthyroid 29% euthyroid 49% hypothyroid

Answer 139

17% remained hypothyroid long-term 44% developed recurrent hyperthyroidism

Answer 140

Hyperthyroid cats had higher SDMA relative to creatinine

Answer 141

SDMA not correlated to GFR sCr had significant, moderate, negative correlation with GFR both pre and post treatment

Answer 142

4/6 cats with high pre-treatment SDMA had normalization of SDMA post-treatment High pre-treatment SDMA did not predict development of azotemia post I-131

Answer 143

93% sensitive, 77% specific Faster progression of CKD in cats with high FGF-23 and high IS FGF-23 and IS both correlated positively with serum phosphate; IS correlation was greater than FGF-23

Answer 144

Infection rate in this study 12%; subsequent study 18% Overall complication rate 36% in this study, 46% in subsequent study

Answer 145

Risk factors: administration of glucocorticoids or chemo drugs, stoma site discharge Nathanson study did not identify any risk factors for complications or infection

Answer 146

Lower body weight Comorbid conditions of multiple types (neoplasia, respiratory disease, pancreatic disease, infectious disease, urogenital disease)

Answer 147

Lg forceps --\> higher percentage of adequate specimens & more likely to provide the correct diagnosis if there was disagreement Substanital agreement between large and small forceps for lymphoma but not for IBD

Answer 148

Primary: cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid Secondary: deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid AAs: taurine, glycine

Answer 149

CIE dogs had decreased secondary fecal bile acids vs. controls (29% vs. 88%) 2-3 months of treatment increased secondary fecal bile acids to 94% in CIE dogs

Answer 150

Higher dysbiosis index in CIE dogs (2.5) vs. controls (-4.5) Treatment did not significantly change dysbiosis index in CIE dogs Lower Firmicutes (*Faecalibacterium*), higher *Streptococcus* in CIE digs Lower *Fusobacterium*in CIE dogs Lower *Clostridium hiranonis* (known BA converter) in CIE dogs

Answer 151

60% diagnosed with small cell lymphoma (15% went on to develop CE signs) 30% diagnosed with LP enteritis (16% went on to develop CE signs) Fibrosis most common finding

Answer 152

Peak intensity and area under the curve were higher in symptomatic CIE dogs vs. controls; correlated with clinical score AUC higher in symptomatic CIE vs. dogs in remission (PI was not different in remission vs. clinical) Did not distinguish dogs with intestinal lymphoma from CIE or control dogs

Answer 153

Proline, methionine, tryptophan, serine

Answer 154

Serine had moderate negative correlation with CCECAI score No AA correlated with CRP, WSAVA scores

Answer 155

CE dogs had decreased acetate and prioprionate vs. controls; no change in butyrate SCFAs can decrease with intestinal dysbiosis (product of bacterial fiber fermentation) SCFAs can be anti-inflammatory (promote secretion of IL-10 & TGFB; decrease secretion of IL-8, IL6, TNFa

Answer 156

Decreased bacterial diversity, richness (Chao1) and evenness (Shannon) Increased dysbiosis index Increased *Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Strep*, pathogenic *E. coli* in CE Decreased *Faecalibacterium, Turicibacter, Blautia* (Firmicutes phylum)

Answer 157

Increased CCEAI scores (_\>_ 8) Increased BUN (_\>_ 7) Dogs with CCEAI scores \< 8 survived 256 days longer Dogs with BUN \< 7 survived 279 days longer

Answer 158

Direct immunofluorescent assay for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum fecal cysts

Answer 159

All have good specificities Recommended combining ZnSO4 fecal flotation in parallel (either positive = positive) for increased sensitivity (\>95%) for all assays

Answer 160

77% of dogs with esophageal dysmotility were brachycephalic Hiatal hernia, GERD, prolonged esophageal transit time

Answer 161

88% improved with surgery vs. 47% with medical management

Answer 162

Clinical improvement in all dogs Reduction in regurgitation frequency of 80% Median BCS improved from 3 to 5 BW increased by 20%

Answer 163

ME and dysmotility persisted in all dogs despite clinical improvement

Answer 164

Daily administration led to decreasing efficacy (decreased intragastric pH and decreased mean percentage time pH was above 3 and 4) with time EOD administration did not result in changes in efficacy with time No effect was seen on serum gastrin levels in the daily or EOD groups Rebound hyperacidity was not noted in either group

Answer 165

40-50% on "on days" Much lower on "off days"

Answer 166

pH at or above 3: 88% for 5 mg/kg; 90% for 1 mg/kg pH at or above 4: 81% for 0.5 mg/kg; 85% for 1 mg/kg NSD between dosage groups

Answer 167

Significantly shorter diarrhea duration (32 vs. 47 h) Lower % needed additional medications for diarrhea management (3.5% vs. 15%)

Answer 168

TTM decreased hepatic copper concentrations (med 1606 to 1033) in the first 6 weeks of therapy NSD between week 6 and week 12 of therapy (1033 to 931)

Answer 169

5/10 dogs had decreases in ALT over 1st 6 wks, but overall ALT change was not significant All pseudofunction parameters were normal at baseline and remained normal over 12 weeks NSD in rhodanine copper staining, fibrosis or necroinflammatory scores

Answer 170

CPSS dogs had decreased branched-chain to aromatic amino acid ratios Aromatic: tyrosin, phenylalanine Branched-chain: leucine, isoleucine, valine Clinical significance: lower BCAA/AAA ratio means lower ability to detoxify ammonia, lower hepatic albumin synthesis

Answer 171

No effect on serum ammonia concentrations No improvement in clinical signs Vomiting, anorexia, lethargy observed in treated dogs

Answer 172

Mean 25 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure at day 28; maintained for 120 days 52% of cats had SBP \< 150 mmHg at 28 days; 60% at 120 days

Answer 173

NSD in mean group reduction in SBP between moderate & severe hypertensive cats

Answer 174

Mean decrease of 23 mmHg in treated cats at day 28; maintained over 6 months 53% responders at day 28 (SBP \< 150 or 15% decrease from baseline); 63% at 6 months

Answer 175

No effect on any evaluated variable

Answer 176

Clinical findings: most were mature (med 12 months), most were clinical, arrhythmias, concurrent congenital heart disease were common Type II PDA most common All dogs had successful closure via duct occluder or surgical ligation

Answer 177

Stage A: at risk dogs (CKCS, Mini Dachshunds, Mini & Toy Poodles) Stage B1: structural heart disease without clinical signs, evidence of significant cardiac remodeling or failure Stage B2: structural heart disease with cardiac remodeling (LA, LV enlargement), without clinical signs or failure Stage C: congestive heart failure (current or past signs) Stage D: refractory failure

Answer 178

LA:Ao \> 1.6, LVID in diastole \> 1.7 VHS \> 10.5 (breed normalized) or 11.5 (absolute) Murmur _\>_ 3/6

Answer 179

Pimobendan 0.25 mg/kg PO q12h +/- ACEi Diet: mild sodium restriction w/ adequate protein & calories to maintain MCS

Answer 180

Digoxin + diltiazem for rate control

Answer 181

Persistent clinical signs despite daily furosemide \> 8 mg/kg, pimobendan, ACEi, spironolactone Can increase to TID pimobendan, add hydrocholorothiazide, switch to 5-10% dose of torsemide Add sildenafil if pulmonary hypertension

Answer 182

Furosemide up to 8 mg/kg/d, ACEi, spironolactone, continue pimo Beta blockers not recommended for CHF

Answer 183

MST 667 days Increasing LA:Ao, severe LA enlargement associated with shorter time to cardiac death

Answer 184

Smaller longitudinal and radial strain rates NSD in circumferential strain rates

Answer 185

1. Potent diuretic use (furo/torsemide, hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride) 2. Higher NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin I 3. Higher heart rate 4. Exercise intolerance

Answer 186

1. Higher NT-proBNP, heart rates, heart murmur intensity 2. Cough 3. Being a CKCS 4. Being prescribed pimobendan

Answer 187

1. Maintained serum concentrations 15-17 ug/mL (therapeutic _\>_ 5) 2. Adverse events: pinna crusting and sedation 3. Formulation was stable for at least 5 weeks

Answer 188

1. Signs: howling, trembling, fearful expression, autonomic and motor signs (3 mo onset) 2. Histopath: vacuolated neurons in deeper cortical regions 3. Mode of inheritance: likely autosomal recessive

Answer 189

Stressful situations, sleep deprivation, weather, hormonal factors

Answer 190

1. Pathological sequelae worse after intraparenchymal placement 2. Significant variation with normal behaviors, physiologic maneuvers, esp head movement

Answer 191

1. Spinal cord tethering à cord terminated more caudally in CKCS than controls

Answer 192

1. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

Answer 193

1. Presumptive trigeminal nerve sheath tumor most common 1. No obvious abnormality \> other extra-axial mass lesions 2. Mass lesions were associated with likelihood of additional neuro signs & deterioration

Answer 194

1. Solid white coat (prevalence 30%) 2. Blue irises – 1 blue iris 44%; both blue 50% 3. Turkish Van, Maine Coon, Norwegian Forest cat breeds

Answer 195

1. Resolution of 1 or more clinical signs, regardless of age or duration of signs 2. Resolution of ataxia and obtundation

Answer 196

1. Short term improvement in 80% of dogs 2. Long-term deterioration in 86% due to regrowth or new diverticula or syringomyelia

Answer 197

1. Golden retrievers, Bernese Mtn dogs, Wirehaired pointing griffons, Boxers, and Beagles

Answer 198

1. 48% 2. CSF TNCC; NOT TREATMENT PROTOCOL

Answer 199

1. Higher CS doses associated with worse quality of life and adverse effects with no improvement in outcome

Answer 200

CaOx formers had lower 24,25(OH)D to 25(OH)D ratio May have an issue deactivating vitamin D precursors?

Answer 201

1 mg oral cyanocobalamin daily Serum cobalamin doesn't improve but clinical signs do; may indicate that there's enough cobalamin intracellularly to do the job Must be passive transport of cyanocobalamin across the GI wall

Answer 202

Cobalamin is a cofactor for enzymes that convert methylmalonyl-COA to succinyl-COA and remethylate homocysteine Cobalamin deficiency leads to buildup of methylmalomic acid, homocysteine

Answer 203

Congenital inability to absorb cobalamin from the GI tract Beagles, Border Collies, Australian Shepherd, Giant Schnauzers Mutation in cubulin or amnionless portions of the cubam cobalamin transporter in the ileum (can test for CUBN mutation) Autosomal recessive

Answer 204

Decreased mRNA for IL-33, IL-13 Th2 related cytokines Non-GSDs had increased IL-13 vs. healthy controls

Answer 205

Moderate negative correlation between serum albumin and ileal villous (-0.46) and proprial (-0.65) lacteal width PLE dogs ahd wider duodenal proprial and ileal villous and proprial lacteal width vs. dogs without PLE

Answer 206

IHC identified lymphangiectasia in some dogs that H&E staining missed H&E lacteal dilation scores correlated weakly w/ ileal and duodenal villous lacteal width, but not with proprial lacteal width

Answer 207

1. Glutamic acid higher in dogs with liver disease and HCC compared to controls 2. No difference in amino acid profiles between dogs with HCC and benign liver disease 3. No difference in amino acid profiles pre- and post-resection in dogs with HCC

Answer 208

1. Hepatic artery \> portal vein

Answer 209

1. Sensitivity 76%; specificity 100%

Answer 210

1. Sensitivity 50%; specificity 94%

Answer 211

1. 92% sensitive and specific for formalin fixed tissue 2. 100% sensitive and specific for FNA

Answer 212

1. Size: longer long axis, short axis, long-to-short axis ratio 2. Doppler: mixed vascular distribution more likely in malignant 3. Sonoelastography: higher resistivity & pulsatility indices, elasticity score

Answer 213

1. Positive: household insecticide use 2. Negative: proximity to a farm

Answer 214

1. Genetic variants in GST-theta underrepresented in Scottish Terriers 2. No difference in GST-theta variants in dogs with TCC vs. unaffected

Answer 215

1. 12% 2. Typically indolent

Answer 216

1. Urinary tract infection and cystic calculi 2. Eye disease

Answer 217

1. Hypothyroidism (decreased risk) 2. Mange (increased risk) 3. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (decreased risk)

Answer 218

1. VPCs, decreased fractional shortening

Answer 219

1. Cumulative dose, higher body weight

Answer 220

1. Amiloride (potassium sparing diuretic) 1. Inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchangers (proton pumps) which can be upregulated in the tumor microenvironment of OSA

Answer 221

1. 25%; never the only metastatic site 2. Lameness or reluctance to move (60% of affected dogs)

Answer 222

Dog: E. coli, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas Cat: E. coli, Enterococcus

Answer 223

B. canis dogs had markedly increased serum amyloid a B. canis dogs had increased HDL diameter and ApoA B. canis dogs had lower serum cholesterol, phospholipid, and HDL concentrations

Answer 224

ventricular arrhythmias or combined ECG abnormalities cardiac troponin I \> 0.129 ng/mL

Answer 225

Gold standard - Mira Vista EIA urine antigen test --\> 94% sensitive, 97% specific, 96% accurate MV test outperformed IMMY regardless of cut point used * IMMY EIA: 89% sensitive, 80% specific, 83% accurate with 0.25 ng/ml cutoff * IMMY EIA: 77% sensitive, 97% specific, 89% accurate with 1.1 ng/ml cutoff

Answer 226

Rapid recruitement of monocytes to the nasal & oropharyngeal tissues in vivo

Answer 227

Common: focal bronchiectasis (10/11) Less common: laryngeal paralysis (3 dogs), esophageal dysmotility (2 dogs) Not identified in any dog: ciliary defects, local immunoglobulin deficiencies

Answer 228

Likely reduces clinical signs of lameness, anorexia, pyrexia, depression

Answer 229

1. Speckle tracking looking separately at the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium identified strain differences between cats with preclinical HOCM which may indicate occult systolic dysfunction which was missed on conventional echo.

Answer 230

1. CHF MMVD dogs had increased TMAO, total L-carnitine, carnitine esters, and carnitine esters to free carnitine ratio vs. MMVD w/o CHF 2. CHF MMVD dogs had increased TMAO (P = .02), choline (P = .01), total l‐carnitine (P = .01), carnitine esters (P = .02), free carnitine (P = .02), and E/F ratio (P = .009) vs. controls without MMVD

Answer 231

1. High sensitivity & conventional assays had similar test performances 2. HS test was better at identifying Dobermans who were “normal” but would develop DCM within 1.5 years

Answer 232

1. Dogs had increased activity; no difference in serum prolactin or serotonin levels

Answer 233

1. 5% of dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism 2. 10% of non-suppressible dogs had concurrent pituitary and adrenocortical lesions

Answer 234

1. Instantaneous death risk for overweight dogs higher than normal body condition dogs for all breeds 2. Median life span was shorter in overweight dogs 3. Yorkies most, GSDs least affected

Answer 235

1. AHDS: 48%; parvo: 0%; healthy: 12% (SD) 2. Presence of C. perfringens was similar among groups; AHDS may be due to proliferation of netE and netF forming strains

Answer 236

1. No difference in duration of hospitalization or time to recovery 2. No difference in any CBC or chemistry parameter

Answer 237

1. NSD in prevalence of anemia b/w dogs low & normal in folate, low & normal in cobalamin 2. NSD in prevalence of nonregenerative anemia, macrocytosis, anisocytosis b/w hypo and normocobalaminemic dogs

Answer 238

Signalment: older dogs (med age 11y); no breed or sex predisposition History: acute respiratory distress (med \< 3 days) TXR: R cardiomegaly (L heart normal); patchy-diffuse interstitial-alveolar infiltrates CT: pulmonary arterial enlargement; perivascular diffuse nodular ground glass opacity Outcome: MST 3 days; 2/3 of dogs dead in one day Pulmonary hypertension in all dogs tested

Answer 239

Veno-occlusive: occlusive remodeling of the small-med sized pulmonary veins Hemangiomatosis: alveolar capillary proliferation and congestion

Answer 240

## Footnote Group 1: pulmonary arterial diseases (veno-occlusive, hemangiomatosis) Group 2: left heart diseases Group 3: lung diseases/hypoxemia Group 4: thromboembolism Group 5: other/unclear mechanism

Answer 241

1. Factor VIII, vWF, fibrinogen content

Answer 242

1. Granulomatous hepatitis (no renal involvement) 2. 7/10 dogs symptomatic, med 1 week of clinical signs prior to presentation 3. Infection failed to resolve in ¾ dogs

Answer 243

1. miR-122 and miR-29a

Answer 244

1. 18.1% prevalence of seropositivity, 1.1% for PCR+ for *T. cruzi* in shelter dogs in Texas 2. Higher than *D. immitis* Ag positivity prevalence (16%)

Answer 245

1. Post-operative antibiotics lessened risk (OR 0.2) 2. CKD, renal implant type, postop urinary catheterization did not increase UTI risk

Answer 246

1. 25% had positive urine cultures before discharge 2. 25% developed positive urine culture post-discharge (14/16 clinical for pyelo/LUTD) 3. *Enterococcus* spp. predominated

Answer 247

1. No associations between urine/tissue culture & FISH with the type of inflammatory cell infiltrate (LP, LP-neutrophilic, neutrophilic, pleocellular all represented)

Answer 248

1. 54% of dogs with proliferative urethritis were FISH-positive 2. 5/7 FISH-positive dogs had negative urine and tissue cultures

Answer 249

1. Weak negative correlations between UPC and USG for all protein urine dipstick categories, but accurate prediction of UPC wasn’t possible 2. No agreement between positive urine culture and abnormal UPC

Answer 250

1. PIF & PEF doubled in meso, tripled in brachy à heliox reduces airway resistance to flow

Answer 251

1. CBC/chem/UA, SDMA, UPC, +/- urinary, adrenal ultrasound, +/- GFR measurement 2. Cats: serum thyroxine 3. Dogs: adrenal function testing 4. Consider serum & urine aldosterone & catecholamine concentrations

Answer 252

1. Target organ damage 1. Hypertensive retinopathy 1. Detachment, hemorrhage, edema, vessel tortuosity 2. Hypertensive encephalopathy 1. Seizures, vestibular signs, ataxia, altered mentation/behavior 3. Cardiac: gallop sound, arrhythmia, systolic heart murmur 4. Renal disease/proteinuria 2. Conditions, meds, toxins associated with hypertension 1. Conditions: Cushing’s, renal disease, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, adrenal tumor 2. Meds: GCs, mineralocorticoids, Proin, EPO, ephedrine/phenylephrine 3. Toxins: Cocaine, meth, 5-hydroxytryptophan

Answer 253

1. Based on risk of target organ damage 2. Normal: SBP \< 140 mmHg – minimal risk of TOD 3. Pre-hypertensive: SBP 140-159 – low risk of TOD 4. Hypertensive: SBP 160-179 – moderate risk of TOD 5. Severely hypertensive: SBP _\>_ 180

Answer 254

1. Preferential dilation of the afferent arteriole à glomerular hypertension

Answer 255

1. Goal: 10% reduction of BP in first hour; additional 15% reduction in next few hours 2. Management options in dogs 1. Fenoldopam (D1 antagonist) 0.1 ug/kg/min CRI titrated 0.1 q15 min 2. Labetolol, hydralazine, nitroprusside 3. PO options if no TOD: hydralazine, amlodipine

Answer 256

1. No difference in outcome 2. Variable: Euthyroid 61%, Hypo 30%, Hyper 9% 3. Fixed: Euthyroid 58%, Hypo 26%, Hyper 16%

Answer 257

1. Having a change in amlodipine dose 2. Having hypertension diagnosed as part of routine screening for comorbid disease vs. diagnosis after development of clinical signs

Answer 258

1. 1.3% had blood pressure evaluated; 19.5% prevalence

Answer 259

1. Goitrous form associated with thyroid hyperplasia 2. 4/7 azotemic; azotemia resolved with treatment

Answer 260

1. NPIs: hypoglycemia, ionized hypocalcemia, lethargy, pleural effusion, azotemia, parenteral nutrition, persistent anorexia 2. PPIs: antibiotics more frequently administered to survivors 3. No factors remained significant after Bonferroni correction…

Answer 261

1. 85% 2. Pancreatomegaly (81%) 3. Decreased (31%) or increased (15%) pancreatic echogenicity 4. Extrahepatic biliary tract dilation (24%) 5. Increased peri-pancreatic echogenicity (13%)

Answer 262

1. 86.6% idiopathic 2. Causes: general anesthesia, trauma, hemodynamic compromise, organophosphates

Answer 263

1. ACTH stimulated cortisol concentrations were equivalent after both doses 2. Post sample must be collected at EXACTLY 60 mins

Answer 264

1. Thyroidal percent iodine uptakes were not different between cats that received TSH at either dose at either timepoint vs. placebo

Answer 265

1. None; the difference and ratio of post-cortisol & baseline had poorer AUC than post-cortisol concentrations

Answer 266

1. 24.8: 86% sensitive, 94% specific 2. 26: 81% sensitive, 100% specific

Answer 267

1. FRE dogs had lower bacterial alpha-diversity compared to healthy controls at baseline 2. FRE dogs had lower alpha diversity at baseline than after the APFD trial 1. Richness increased after the trial 3. Microbial communities differed between FRE and controls both before and after trial 1. Abundance of *Blautia* decreased in FRE vs. controls at baseline 2. No differences in *Faecalibacteria, Turicibacter, C. hirnanonis, E. coli, Fusobacterium, Strep* b/w FRE & controls at any timepoint 4. No significant modification of fecal microbiome in controls before & after trial

Answer 268

1. Cannot detect degranulated eosinophils

Answer 269

Number of intact eos detected with Epx mAb was significantly higher vs. H&E in all sections of intact and degranulated eos higher in duodenal lamina propria of eosinophilic enteritis and mixed groups vs. control dogs

Answer 270

1. CIE dogs had decreased ileal expression of the ASBT vs. controls 1. Correlated negatively with histopath scores

Answer 271

1. Increased percentage of fecal primary bile acids in CIE dogs 2. Higher dysbiosis index in dogs with CIE vs. controls

Answer 272

1. NSD in BMBT 2. APTT increased 4 hours from controls after tetrastarch 3. CFT (like R value) increased, alpha angle decreased in both groups vs. controls (dilutional effect) from 0-4 & 0-2 hours 4. MCF (like MA) decreased in both groups vs. controls

Answer 273

1. 15% of naïve cats; 27% of previously-transfused cats

Answer 274

1. 10% of non-crossmatched and 2.5% of crossmatched transfusions led to febrile transfusion reactions (SD) 2. No effect on outcomes (survival to discharge, survival 30 or 60 days post-transfusion)

Answer 275

1. Crossmatch before all (including the first) RBC transfusions in cats

Answer 276

1. Predisposed breeds: median hepatic copper 313 ug/g greater in 2009-2015 1. Proportion of dogs w/ Cu \> 300 rose from 48% to 71% 2. Nonpredisposed breeds: median hepatic copper 101 ug/g greater in 2009-2015 1. Proportion of dogs w/ Cu \> 300 rose from 28% to 49%

Answer 277

1. Median hepatic copper increased 3x in predisposed and nonpredisposed hepatitis dogs

Answer 278

1. Required the use of copper sulfates & chelates in dog food premixes which are more bioavailable than previously used copper oxide

Answer 279

1. Median half life doubled in cats with liver disease (13.8 vs. 7.4) 2. Half life strongly positively correlated to ALT, ALP, total bili

Answer 280

1. 62% (low sensitivity) 2. 15%

Answer 281

1. *Bartonella quintana* and *Bartonella vinsonii* subsp. *Berkhoffii* *II* or both

Answer 282

1. 3.5% overall prevalence 2. 12% prevalence on follow up testing

Answer 283

1. M128 position of cytochrome b

Answer 284

Inhibition of the parasitic mitochondrial electron transport system at the level of the cytochrome bc1 complex

Answer 285

1. 1/creatinine, pelvic circumference 2. Poor agreement b/w eGFR and GFR in cats

Answer 286

1. Physical exam: BCS \< 4/9, muscle atrophy 2. CPC: increased creat, phosphorus, calcium x phosphorus, FGF-23, UPC

Answer 287

1. II: 15 months 2. III: 11 months 3. IV: 2 months

Answer 288

1. Median time to regain ambulation was similar between management groups (6.6 vs. 5.9 days, not significant)

Answer 289

1. IV: 3.78 hours 2. PO: 3.63 hours; no change with repeated dosing

Answer 290

1. Neuromuscular disease with generalized motor & sensory involvement; 10/14 had lar par 2. Bx: degenerative polyneuropathy 3. Outcome: disease slowly progressive; animals maintained QOL and ability to walk 4. Autosomal recessive

Answer 291

1. NSD in progression free survival (608 vs. 863 d) 2. NSD in overall survival (610 vs. 796 d)

Answer 292

1. REM sleep behavior disorder (46% of dogs developed) 2. Did not worsen in severity or frequency in any dog; resolved w/in 6 months in 43%

Answer 293

1. Gross disease: 110 weeks; microscopic disease: 67 weeks 2. 71% of dogs with gross disease experienced clinical benefit from Palladia treatment 3. High mitotix index & presence of metastasis at diagnosis associated with shorter survival

Answer 294

1. Breed, male sex, neutered status

Answer 295

1. Not a significant predictor

Answer 296

1. 78% of Westies with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; 10/13 healthy Westies, 0% of healthy Beagles 2. Chronic bronchitis 62% 3. Laryngeal dysfunction 68% 4. Bacterial pneumonia, eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy, Wolfhounds w/ previous bacterial pneumonia

Answer 297

1. Labrador retrievers, males 2. 98.8% of dogs had resolution or substantial improvement of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy one month post-ablation

Answer 298

1. Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 299

1. \> 1 site strongly positive for more than 3 B-lines (78.8% sensitive, 83.3% specific) 2. Subjective LA enlargement (97% sensitive, 100% specific) 3. Pericardial effusion 100% specific, 61% sensitive

Answer 300

1. 94% sensitive, 72% specific

Answer 301

1. Right ventricular end diastolic area index

Answer 302

1. PA-6 couldn’t cause cardioversion to sinus rhythm

Answer 303

1. Decreased % change in uALDO:uCr in treatment grp 1. uALDO increased over 30 days in placebo grp but not in treatment grp 2. No difference in echo parameters, SBP, NT-proBNP among groups

Answer 304

1. Flatter mitral valve with less tenting in CKCS vs. other breeds

Answer 305

1. IGF-1 2-4 weeks after starting insulin treatment predicted remission

Answer 306

1. Current cutoff is \> 1000 mg/ml 2. 33% of the cats had IGF above this level at some point in the study (3 cats) 3. 5/8 cats went into remission, 2/8 weren’t insulin resistant, and one had necropsy with no findings of acromegaly

Answer 307

1. No difference in % hydrolysis fecal fat or any other measured variable

Answer 308

1. 2.5 ug/L

Answer 309

1. EPI dogs had lower retinol (vit A), lower alpha-tocopherol (vit E) than healthy dogs 2. EPI dogs had lower alpha-tocopherol than subclinical EPI dogs 3. EPI dogs with weight loss had lower 25(OH)D than EPI dogs with stable weight

Answer 310

1. CH dogs had a med 90% positive hepatocytes & no association with age 2. Non-CH had _\<_ 15% positive hepatocytes in 12/15 cases & association with age 3. Increasing hepatocyte p21 positivity correlated negatively with survival 1. Dogs in highest tercile MST 218; lowest tercile 874 days

Answer 311

1. Sensitivity 77%, specificity 97%

Answer 312

1. 52.6% were capable of forming biofilms 2. Biofilm forming *E. coli* was less likely to be multi-drug resistant

Answer 313

1. No differences between population or infection characteristics (age, BCS, sex, weight)

Answer 314

1. Slight inconsistent statistically, but no clinically relevant effect 2. Samples can be stored in glass, homopolymer polypropylene, and propylene copolymer at 24C for 4 hours, 4C for 12 hours, and -20C for 72 hours after centrifugation without relevant decreases

Answer 315

1. sCysC 8% 2. uRBP/c 34% 3. uNGAL/c 87% 4. uIgG/c 88%

Answer 316

1. Breed: think B! 1. Pug, Basset, Bordeaux, Boxer, Beagle, Bulldog (Eng, Fr), Border Terrier & Collie, Pom, Chi 2. Males 3. Age: 3-6 Y higher risk than 0.5-3 Y 4. Size: _\>_ 40 kg higher risk vs. \< 10 kg

Answer 317

1. Lev-pheno à lower Cmax, AUC, higher clearance than lev alone, lev-zonisamide 2. Half life still comparable to previous reports (5hr)

Answer 318

1. Blasto dogs had lower 25(OH)D and higher ionized calcium vs. controls

Answer 319

1. NOT 25(OH)D 2. Lactate, bone/skin/LN involvement, # of affected sites, respiratory signs

Answer 320

1. Lymphoma à increased *Fusobacterium* spp. in ileal & colonic adherent mucus, combined colonic (free & adherent mucus & attached to epi) 1. *Fusobacterium* significantly correlated to CD11b+ cells and NF-kB expression 2. Lymphoma à increased *Bacteroides* in ileal adherent mucus & 3 combined compartments

Answer 321

1. Mild decrease in left ventricular systolic function 2. Sotalol was well tolerated and effective at reducing HR and VPCs, even in dogs with atrial enlargement and systolic dysfunction

Answer 322

1. All dogs with hypothyroidism had basal GH \> 1.8; 9/10 dogs with NTI had basal GH \< 1.8

Answer 323

1. GH increased in hypoT dogs; 1.75 ug/L cutoff at 45 mins post TRH distinguished all dogs with hypoT and NTI 2. TSH did not increase in hypoT; at T45, all hypoT dogs had \< 57% increase in TSH from baseline, while all NTI dogs had increase \> 57% 3. GH/TSH ratio at T45 also distinguished; all dogs \> 4.6 had hypoT

Answer 324

1. Somatostatin is the major inhibitor of TSH and GH secretion 2. In hypothyroidism, there is no feedback from T4 to promote somatostatin release 3. Inhibition of both TSH and GH secretion is gone

Answer 325

1. Cyclosporine 2. No significant effect on any measured hemostatic parameter 1. Possibly the result of simultaneous increases in prostacyclin synthesis with cyclosporine

Answer 326

1. Leflunomide

Answer 327

1. Significantly lower platelet counts & antiplatelet antibodies 2. Platelet aggregation, hypercoagulable and hypofibrinolytic TEG profiles

Answer 328

1. Hypomagnesemia was independently associated with FGF-23 and increased risk of death. 2. Hypermagnesemia was not associated with survival on multivariate 3. Hypomagnesemia was not associated with CKD progression on multivariate

Answer 329

1. Hypomagnesemia was independently associated with increasing FGF-23 and increased risk of death. 2. Hypermagnesemia was not associated with survival on multivariate 3. Hypomagnesemia was not associated with CKD progression on multivariate

Answer 330

1. Hyperphosphatemia only increased risk of death in hypomagnesemic cats

Answer 331

1. Intrinsic had higher FE Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, P, glucose than vol-resp 1. Ca, K, uCr/sCr performed well as distinguishing tests 2. Survivors had lower Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, glucose

Answer 332

1. Increasing IRIS AKI grade, FE electrolytes, UOP 2. Lower frequency of death in dogs with volume-responsive vs. intrinsic AKI

Answer 333

1. MST 1072 days 2. 95% had reduced insulin doses, 32% achieved diabetic remission (permanent in 62%) 3. Med 9.5 months to lowest insulin dose post-Tx

Answer 334

1. 14% developed hypothyroidism

Answer 335

1. Left atrial maximal volume (outperformed LA:Ao)

Answer 336

1. 62% sensitive, 100% specific

Answer 337

1. 95% sensitive, 78% specific

Answer 338

1. What was the risk of CHF, ATE, and death in one year in cats with preclinical HCM/HOCM? Five years? Ten years? 1. 1 year: 7% CHF; 3.5% ATE; 7% death 2. 5 years: 20% CHF; 10% ATE; 23% death 3. 10 years: 24% CHF; 11% ATE; 28% death 4. No differences in survival for HCM vs. HOCM

Answer 339

1. MST 281 days 2. Receiving \> 6.7 mg/kg/d furosemide lengthened survival (402 vs 129 days)

Answer 340

1. DM: larger, higher volume and volume normalized to body weight, shorter time to peak portal enhancement on CTA

Answer 341

1. Sensitivity 97%, specificity 67%; lack of suppression pattern had the highest PPV

Answer 342

1. Complete suppression: T4 and T8 both \< 1 ug/dl (negative) 2. Lack of suppression: Neither \< 1, neither \< 50% (positive) 3. Partial suppression: Neither \< 1, either \< 50% (positive) 4. Escape: T4 \< 1, T8 \> 1 (unclear; base Dx on other factors) 5. Inverse: T4 \> 1, T8 \< 1 (unclear, base Dx on other factors) 1. PPV 40%

Answer 343

1. Exostosin 2 (EXT2)

Answer 344

1. DM cats had larger glycemic variability (bigger standard deviation in BG) 2. Higher insulin dose, higher fructosamine, less frequency remission à higher variability

Answer 345

1. Couldn’t do it.

Answer 346

1. Fecal calprotectin correlated with pre (no post) treatment CIBDAI scores 2. Fecal calprotectin and serum CRP significantly decreased with treatment

Answer 347

1. IL 6 was higher in dogs with high vs. low fibrosis scores, but lots of overlap 2. CCL2 significantly higher in dogs with high necroinflammatory scores, but lots of overlap 3. CRP, AST:ALT not significantly different based on fibrosis or necroinflammatory scores

Answer 348

1. Increased ratio of IL-1B to IL-1 receptor antagonist --\> inflammatory 2. Decreased mRNA for occludin (tight junction protein) in colonic mucosa of IBD dogs 3. IL1B:IL1RA not evaluated in this study; occludin difference not significant in the duodenum

Answer 349

1. Tryptophan was lower in PLE dogs vs. controls 2. Serum tryptophan correlated moderately & positively with serum albumin

Answer 350

1. 1 mg hydroxocobalamin monthly or bimonthly

Answer 351

1. Failure to thrive, anorexia, lethargy, intermittent pyrexia, glossitis/stomatitis, paresthesia

Answer 352

1. Hypercalcemia, osteolytic lesions, Bence-Jones proteinuria

Answer 353

1. Daily: 0.1 mg/kg/d x 10 days, then 0.05 mg/kg/d 2. Pulse: 7 mg/m2/d x 5 days every 21 days 3. AE: thrombocytopenia most common which did not result in dose reductions, delays, or discontinuation; mild neutropenia and anemia also common 4. Overall MST 930 days; no significant difference between protocols

Answer 354

1. Cd mesenteric, colic, hepatic, inguinal, pancreaticoduodenal LN identified in all cats 2. Negative correlation b/w age and length, width

Answer 355

1. No difference in transfusion reaction incidence 2. No difference in mean change in PCV up to 24 hours post-transfusion

Answer 356

1. Class: glycopeptide 2. MOA: binds D-Ala-D-Ala terminal of peptide chain during cell wall synthesis, inhibiting transpeptidase and preventing peptidoglycan cross-linking

Answer 357

1. 40%; Acinetobacter most common 2. Junior staff or student performing catheterization, steroid use associated

Answer 358

1. No association b/w viral infection and azotemic CKD; unlikely that morbilliviruses are associated with CKD development in cats

Answer 359

1. No effect on UOP, FeNa, GFR 2. Mortality rate overall 35%; no difference between fenoldopam and placebo

Answer 360

1. Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials reflected recovery of motor function after severe spinal cord injury.

Answer 361

1. Yes; sedation, ataxia, vomiting/regurg in 1 cat each which resolved without dose adjustment 2. Yes; trough serum concentrations were _\>_ 5 ug/ml

Answer 362

1. Accelerated recovery of barrier function

Answer 363

1. Higher calprotectin in dogs with SRE/IRE vs FRE/ARE but not significant 2. Higher calprotectin in non-responsive/partially responsive SRE/IRE dogs (not significant)

Answer 364

1. 92% improved, 67% had no dysphagia

Answer 365

1. 67% and 69%, not significantly different

Answer 366

1. No effect on mortality (36% vs 21%) 2. Shorter hospitalization times in FMT dogs (3 days vs. 6 days)

Answer 367

1. Tetrastarch had lower EVLW at 1 and 4 hours post infusion, but neither got edema 2. No difference in uNGAL/creat between groups 1. Remained below “threshold” for AKI (120000 pg/mg)

Answer 368

1. 62% had CPL _\>_ 400; no difference b/w survivors and non, no association w/ survival or dialysis-dependency

Answer 369

1. 33%; in these cats, calcitonin correlated with iCa and ALP

Answer 370

1. Population-based reference intervals might lead to false negatives; should interpret changes over time in individual patient values 2. SDMA critical difference of 6 1. Diff of 6 for a change to actually represent a change in renal function

Answer 371

1. 50% prevalence; recurrence within 7 hours 2. Status epilepticus, cluster seizures 72 hours before presentation; abnormal neuro exam on presentation predicted early recurrence

Answer 372

1. Kidney, duodenum, spleen, skin, ileum strongly expressed 2. Testicular & gastric tissue did not express

Answer 373

1. No significant differences b/w CE and non

Answer 374

1. Dermatopathy, paroxysmal dyskinesia, GI signs 2. Anti-canine gliadin IgG; Anti transglutaminase 2 IgG; specific not sensitive

Answer 375

1. Stent shortening was minimal (10% mean long-term shortening) 2. No clinically relevant migration occurred

Answer 376

1. Firmicutes\* (*Clostridia, Lactobacillus, Strep, Enterococcus, Blautia, Turicibacter, Faecalibacterium, Veillonellaceae*); Gram + 2. Bacteroidetes\* (*Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae* families); Gram - 3. Proteobacteria (*Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia*); Gram - 4. Fusobacteria\* (*Fusobacterium*); Gram - anaerobes 5. Actinobacteria (*Bifidobacteriales*); Gram +

Answer 377

1. Carbohydrate metabolism 12-13% 2. Protein/amino acid metabolism 8-9% and 7% 3. Cell wall synthesis 7-8% 4. Vitamin and cofactor synthesis 6% 5. Nucleic acid synthesis 7% 6. Virulence and antibiotic resistance genes also common

Answer 378

1. Down-regulation of pro- (IL-8, IL-12, IL-23) and upregulation of anti- (IL-10) inflammatory cytokines 2. Dendritic cells present commensal antigen to naïve T-cells à Tregs à anti-inf cytokines 3. Decreased phagocyte migration to local lymphoid tissue à decreased B & T cell proliferation 4. Goblet cell differentiation & protective mucus secretion

Answer 379

1. Dendritic cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines à Th1 and Th17 response 2. TLR4 and 5 expression on apical side of enterocytes with chronic inflammation 1. Pro-inflammatory steady state

Answer 380

1. Important nutrient for colonocytes 2. Strengthen tight junctions 3. Regulate motility 4. Stimulate anti-inflammatory compound production (IL-10, TGF-B) 5. Bind neutrophilic G protein receptors & decrease migration

Answer 381

1. Mild: 36-50 mmHg 2. Moderate: 51-75 mmHg 3. Severe: \> 75 mmHg

Answer 382

1. Sensitivity 100%; specificity 89.5% for R-CHF 2. Severity of tricuspid regurgitation was the only independent predictor of RAA index in dogs with PAH

Answer 383

1. Dogs with severe or moderate PAH had higher RAA index vs. mild PAH & controls (lots of overlap)

Answer 384

1. TMT cats were younger and more likely to have “antecedent event” 2. 20/21 cats with TMT had cardiac medications d/c’ed; all cats survived and only 1 had recurrent CHF 3. No cats with persistent HCM had cardiac meds d/c’ed and 8/19 died during study period

Answer 385

1. SDMA not different in HCM cats vs. healthy controls 2. SDMA lower in cats with DM than in controls à DM may affect ability to interpret SDMA

Answer 386

1. Normalized left ventricular inner diameter at end systole & end diastole; LA:Ao 2. Increased fractional shortening in the pimo group 3. Decreasing heart size lengthened time to primary endpoint (CHF or cardiac death)

Answer 387

1. Creatinine, ALT increased; TP decreased

Answer 388

1. For every 10 bpm increase in heart rate, risk of death increased 35% 2. Dogs with mean HR \< 125 MST 1037 vs. mean HR _\>_ 125 MST 105 days

Answer 389

1. Total triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and ApoB (a measure of how many LDL particles there are) 2. LDL-C and non-HDL-C concentrations were most markedly elevated

Answer 390

1. No; no association between postop iCa or its rate of decrease

Answer 391

1. Pre-operative ionized hypercalcemia was strongly positively associated

Answer 392

1. Dose: cumulative 20 Gy 2. Complete response: 54%; partial response: 45%

Answer 393

1. Aspirin 1mg/kg: PW AA 2. Clopidogrel 2 mg/kg: PW AA; PFA P2Y; MP ADP 3. Combo: MP ADP, PFA P2Y, PW AA, and PW ADP

Answer 394

1. PAMfix (paraformaldehyde) 2. Surface expression of P-selectin on platelets

Answer 395

1. NET: extrusion of nuclear (cell death) or mitochondrial (no cell death) chromatin mesh à physical trap for microbes which are then killed by histones & bactericidal substances associated with the chromatin 1. Response to IL-8, endotoxin 2. Elastase migration to the nucleus à chromatin condensation 3. Histone arginine residues are citrullinated by PAD4 (unique to NETosis) 4. Cell free and hisDNA can go up due to pathogen DNA, necrosis/apoptosis, or NET 5. Citrullinated histone H3 only increases as a result of NET formation

Answer 396

1. 17% of IMHA dogs had increased cell-free DNA, 94% increased hisDNA 2. 84% of dogs had detectable citrullinated histone H3 3. None correlated to neutrophil count

Answer 397

1. All were higher in nonsurvivors but difference not significant

Answer 398

1. First day increased NT-proBNP by 101%; each subsequent day decreased by 16% 2. cfDNA increased by 138 ng/mL after work

Answer 399

1. Compstatin minimally and variably effective (50% in initial experiments but lost after new batch purchased) 2. C1-INH dose-dependent; highest decreased \>80%, lowest decreased \>60%

Answer 400

1. Type II: IgM, IgG, or IgA bind antigens on erythrocyte membranes 1. Extravascular hemolysis: macros in the spleen/liver 2. Intravascular: complement fixation & MAC à osmotic lysis

Answer 401

1. What parts of the complement cascade are inhibited by C1-INH? By C3 inhibitors? 1. C1-INH: Binds C1 (classical, adaptive immunity pathway) and MASP-1 & MASP-2 (Lectin pathway) 2. C3: prevents cleavage to C3a and C3b by C3 convertases (C4b2b & C3bBb)

Answer 402

1. cfDNA: 5.64 hours 2. CK: 28.7 hours

Answer 403

1. Vomiting (73%), lethargy (70%), inappetence (65%), diarrhea (32%), fever (30%), icterus (26%)

Answer 404

1. ALP increased in 97%; increased ALT, T bili, cholesterol, AST, GGT common

Answer 405

1. 56% negative liver cultures; 53% negative bile cultures 2. *E. coli* & *Enterococcus (faecium \> faecalis)*

Answer 406

1. MST 671 days & 85% discharged from the hospital 2. Being _\>_ 13 years old and not having cholecystectomy decreased survival

Answer 407

1. 98% of dogs had neutrophilic inflammation; mild and chronic in most dogs 2. 85% had portal fibrosis, 43% had intrahepatic biliary obstruction

Answer 408

1. Obese: higher ALP, more dogs had abnormal hepatic vein spectral waves, lower mean portal velocity 2. Overweight and obese: lower portal blood flow volume 3. Overweight: higher GGT 4. No differences in ALT, portal congestion index, hepatic artery resistivity index

Answer 409

1. Chihuahua 2. Ductal plate malformation

Answer 410

1. Von Myernburg (multiple biliary hamartomas) 2. Congenital hepatic fibrosis 3. Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease 4. Caroli’s disease (or syndrome if congenital hepatic fibrosis is also there) 5. Choledocal cyst

Answer 411

1. Sensitivity 56% 2. Specificity 92% 3. Positive likelihood ratio: 6.74 (dog is 6.7x more likely to have AUS evidence of rupture if it has GBM + rupture than if not) 4. Negative likelihood ratio: 0.44 (lack of AUS evidence of rupture is 0.44x as likely in a dog with GBM+ rupture than without)

Answer 412

1. 17.4% perioperative mortality rate 2. Dogs with GBM and rupture w/ bile peritonitis 2.7x more likely to die than dogs w/o rupture and bile peritonitis 3. Pre and intraoperative antibiotic administration, bacteriologic culture positivity not associated with survival (but most dogs received antibiotics prior to culture) 4. Time between ultrasonographic Dx of GBM or rupture and surgery did not affect survival

Answer 413

1. Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Icterohemorragiae, Canicola

Answer 414

1. WITNESS: IgM specific & antibodies for multiple Lepto epitopes; IgM is produced 4-6 days post infection & disappears w/in a few months, only transiently produced post-vaccination 2. SNAP: not IgM specific & only antibodies for LIPL32 outer membrane protein; may be positive in vaccinated or previously-exposed dogs

Answer 415

1. WITNESS: day 7 à 100% sensitive for Gryppotyphosa, Canicola, Pomona; 50% in Icterohemorrhagiae; positive in 87.5% of dogs overall 1. Day 10 à 100% sensitive in all dogs for all serovars 2. MAT: day 7 à positive in 66% of dogs; day 10 à positive in 100% 3. SNAP: positive in only 1 dog overall at day 7; 3 dogs at day 10; never positive for any dog infected with Canicola serovar

Answer 416

1. No; high cross-reactivity for all serovars except Hardjo

Answer 417

1. Retest with WITNESS and additional confirmatory test in 3-7 days

Answer 418

1. Decreased TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 2. Decreased E.coli and PMA stimulated respiratory burst capacity 3. Increased percentage of monocytes expressing TLR4

Answer 419

1. 100% treatment success (negative PCR 7 days after d/c) 2. Time for all dogs to become negative: 3 weeks for doxy, 4 weeks for mino

Answer 420

1. Minocycline is more lipophilic with higher tissue concentration

Answer 421

1. Overall prevalence 3.3% 2. *B. henselae* (2.13%); *B. koehlerae* (2.39%)

Answer 422

1. Intact males, mixed breeds \> pure

Answer 423

1. No trend in seasonal seroreactivity 2. Geographic patterns supported broad distribution of exposure throughout North America

Answer 424

1. *B. gibsoni*: sensitivity 90%, specificity 99% 2. *Babesia* spp.: sensitivity 87%, specificity 98%

Answer 425

1. sCr in treated cats did not increase (2.4 à 2.5) while placebo did (2.8 à 3.2) 2. P:Ca in treated cats did not increase (0.5 à 0.51) while placebo did (0.46 à 0.52) 3. No effect on USG in either group

Answer 426

1. Prostacyclin analog à might vasodilate renal vasculature

Answer 427

1. Appetite, physical activity scores

Answer 428

1. No association between severity & stage and lumbar pain, clinical signs of UTI 2. Association between subacute histopath changes and fever; no association b/w severity and fever

Answer 429

1. Cortex: longer time to peak, shorter mean transit times consistent with increased vascular resistance 2. Medulla: shorter time to peak and rise times consistent with increased blood velocity

Answer 430

1. 4/9 had complete or nearly complete clinical cure 2. 3/9 had microbiological cure at day 14; one had MC at day 7 but asymptomatic bacteriuria with the therapeutic Ecoli strain at day 14 1. 3 of these dogs had electrophoresis identification of the therapeutic E coli strain at day 14 even though they cultured negative

Answer 431

1. Increased CXCL12, IL-12, IL-18, and Flt3L in cats with FIC (all pro-inflammatory)

Answer 432

1. Smaller median lacunae size, larger resorption cavity density, and higher overall porosity 2. Changes were mild and unlikely clinically significant

Answer 433

1. Strong correlations (r \> 0.95) for single vs. average and pooled in both UPC groups 2. UPC _\<_ 4: single could be approximately 0.4 below or 0.8 above pooled/average 3. UPC \> 4: single could be 0.2-0.4 below or 2.2-2.4 above pooled/average 4. As long as you use a change of 80% for UPC _\<_ 4 and 35% for UPC \> 4, these are not clinically significant

Answer 434

1. Sensitivity 33%; specificity 97%

Answer 435

1. 16% 2. Median 6 months; max 8 months post

Answer 436

1. Clinical: cervical more painful and had longer duration (but less severe) neuro signs; cervical had a better outcome 2. Histopath: Cervical epidural material less calcified & less inflammatory infiltrate

Answer 437

1. Ratio of systolic to diastolic mean velocity in the basilar artery was higher 1. Indicates higher vascular resistance 2. Resistivity and pulsatility indices were not different

Answer 438

1. No etiologic agents were identified in any dogs

Answer 439

1. When fecal sample obtained w/in 7 days of onset of signs, APN dogs 9.4x more likely to be *Campy* positive vs. controls 2. Significant association b/w raw chicken consumption (96% of APN cases vs. 26% controls) 3. *Campylobacter upsaliensis*

Answer 440

1. JAK-STAT3 pathway à higher nuclear expression in lymphoma vs. normal/reactive LN 2. ERK1/2 pathway

Answer 441

1. Promotes oxidation of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, making them inactive 1. TRX/GRX give cancer cells resistance to oxidative stress & apoptosis 2. Metabolizes to mesna à binds aquated cisplatin & prevents it from entering the GGT-xenobiotic metabolism pathway 1. GGT-XMP normally produces a nephrotoxic platinum thiol/mercapturic acid species

Answer 442

1. \> 6 hours 2. The excess chloride ions in saline prevent the cisplatin molecule from giving up all its chloride ions intracellularly and binding glutathione à GGT XMP à toxic metabolite

Answer 443

1. 21% became azotemic; significant reduction from historical controls

Answer 444

1. NSD (253 vs. 246 days)

Answer 445

1. Binds DNA at purine-purine bonds & roadblocks DNA replication machinery 1. Prevents DNA repair, mRNA transcription

Answer 446

1. All hormones remained within reference intervals 2. FT4 decreased over time (1.22 – 1.00 ng/dL) 3. TSH increased over time (0.17 – 0.34 ng/mL) 4. TT4:TT3 decreased over time (2.57-2.02) à implies increased conversion to metabolically active T3

Answer 447

1. 1.5 x 10³/uL 2. 0.75 x 10³; all dogs with abs neuts 0.75-1.5 recovered spontaneously w/o intervention

Answer 448

1. NSD between PFS (78 vs. 95 d), OS (241 vs. 159 d) for VBL & TOC, respectively 2. NSD in proportion of dogs with c-kit mutations (30% TOC, 20% VBL) in either group 1. c-kit mutation status did not predict treatment response to either drug

Answer 449

1. Pheromone kittens had less frequent sneezing in both individual and group housing 2. Pheromone kittens were more frequently sleeping at the end of the observation period in both individual and group housing

Answer 450

1. No significant effect of study period on echo-estimated pulmonary vascular resistance 2. Significant increase in tricuspid regurgitant flow velocity after sedation (78% of dogs)

Answer 451

1. 0.3 m/s for within-operator 2. 0.6 m/s for between-operator

Answer 452

1. Peak velocity of tricuspid valve regurgitation

Answer 453

1. Torasemide was non-inferior to furosemide at producing clinical improvement or clinical stabilization 2. Torasemide was associated with a 2x reduction in reaching study endpoint (cardiac death, cardiac euthanasia, CHF class worsening)

Answer 454

1. 37% (11/30) Addisonian dogs had increased cTSH; no controls had increased cTSH 2. No difference in TT4 between HA dogs w/ increased cTSH vs. HA dogs w/o increased cTSH and healthy controls 3. cTSH normalized after GC treatment in all dogs; in 9/11 within 4 weeks 1. 2 dogs were treated for 3 & 4 months before normalization of cTSH

Answer 455

1. Naïve: Med 62 days (32-94) 2. Previously-treated: Med 67 days (41-124) 3. Med after 3 months: 58 days (38-90)

Answer 456

1. No variable was significantly associated 2. Variables assessed: age, weight, DOCP & pred dose, duration of treatment prior to starting IDI

Answer 457

1. Time from DOCP administration to development of electrolyte abnormalities – 7 days

Answer 458

1. 57.5% cheaper for IDI

Answer 459

1. Higher cortical and medullary blood velocity pre-treatment 2. Higher medullary blood volume pre-treatment

Answer 460

1. Med cobalamin increased (111 to 2332) during supplementation 2. Med serum MMA decreased (372 to 1.62) during supplementation 3. At the end of supplementation, 12/20 cats still had increased serum MMA concentrations 1. Only 1 cat still had low cobalamin at that time 4. At 4 weeks post-d/c, cobalamin decreased (med 610), serum MMA increased (5.34) 5. At 10 weeks post-d/c, cobalamin decreased (180), serum MMA increased (189) 6. Similar pattern for urine MMA but not significant

Answer 461

1. Clinical disease activity scores decreased during supplementation; increased after d/c

Answer 462

1. 44/58 cats had proximal and 53/58 cats had distal esophagitis on endoscopy 2. NSD in salivary or eosphageal luminal pH between FCG cats and healthy controls

Answer 463

1. 25/25 biopsy specimens had inflammation 2. 5 had columnar replacement

Answer 464

1. NSD in GET, SLBTT, and TTT before and after lap-assisted gastropexy

Answer 465

1. Osseous (81%) 2. Distal esophagus (50%)

Answer 466

1. Risk of death significantly higher for surgery (OR 20) 2. All dogs that had repeat endoscopy after surgery was recommended died (5/5)

Answer 467

1. Increasing numbers of post-procedural complications OR 3.4 2. Esophageal perforation OR 65 3. Post-procedural esophageal hemorrhage OR 12 4. Duration of clinical signs prior to removal did not affect risk of death

Answer 468

1. Neoplasia (55%); carcinoma most common (52% of neoplasias) 2. Endocrine (12%); HAC 47%, DM 36%, hypothyroidism 32% 3. Inflammatory 47% 1. Immune mediated disease dogs had higher platelet counts compared to other inflammatory conditions

Answer 469

1. No significant difference in platelet count between dogs on GCs and the major disease categories

Answer 470

1. Weak positive association b/w platelets & serum K; no association w/ plasma K

Answer 471

1. IL-6 promotes hepatic production of thrombopoietin

Answer 472

1. 13% of feline blood samples 2. Increased lymphocyte % and decreased neutrophil % 3. No – have to look at the dot plot

Answer 473

1. Subclinical: 92% had increased AHA 2. Clinical: 85% had increased AHA 3. Healthy controls: 0% had increased AHA

Answer 474

1. Sensitivity 89.5%, specificity 100%

Answer 475

1. Copper mediated 2. Auto-immune

Answer 476

1. Homozygous for dog leukocyte antigen DRB\*00601

Answer 477

1. Being male (OR 5) 2. Being treated with cyclosporine (OR 7)

Answer 478

1. IBD dogs had decreased % TCR delta gamma + T lymphocytes (3.32 vs. 0.97) 1. If cause à loss of possible regulatory function of delta/gamma T lymphs 2. If effect à delta/gamma are inflammatory and are homing to GI in larger #s 2. IBD dogs had decreased CD21⁺ B cells (27.6 vs. 17.3) 1. Inflammatory & homing to the gut in larger #s

Answer 479

1. NSD in peripheral blood lymphocytes pre- and post-treatment

Answer 480

1. NSD in % change in creatinine or AKI development in cats that received HES vs. those that did not 2. HES not a risk factor for AKI in multivariable logistic regression

Answer 481

1. 4 mg/kg pred significantly increased sCys-C levels from controls (0.4 vs. 0.18) 2. Dose reduced to 2 mg/kg, sCys-C no longer different from controls (0.27) 3. Reduced to baseline after pred d/c’d one week (0.15) 4. PDH dogs also not significantly different from controls; similar to 2 mg/kg pred SRMA dogs (0.22)

Answer 482

1. 35/47 dogs had at least 1 positive urine culture 2. 13 had recurrent bacteriuria 3. Fever, survival not associated with bacteriuria

Answer 483

1. Pyuria was significantly associated 2. Cloudiness not associated

Answer 484

1. As iCa increased, 25(OH)D increased in dogs with OSA, LSA, or MCT. 2. As iCa increased, 25(OH)D decreased in healthy controls 3. Plasma PTH did not correlate to 25(OH)D

Answer 485

1. No association of age, sex, neuter status, body weight, BCS, MCS

Answer 486

1. At high-normal iCa values, OSA dogs had higher 25(OH)D than dogs with LSA, MCT 1. Correlation still positive for all cancer types and negative for controls

Answer 487

1. Papillary had higher MMP2 expression than all other grades 2. Papillary had higher TIMP expression than grades 1, 3 3. Papillary had 3.5x higher MMP/TIMP ratio

Answer 488

1. AUC ranged from 6 to 50 h\*mg/L after IV dosing 2. Implies that clinical efficacy and toxicity risk might have high interindividual variability

Answer 489

1. 2/6 cats developed transient large bowel diarrhea

Answer 490

1. GSTT5 gene; Asp129\_Gnl130del mutation 2. Purpose bred Beagle dogs; Pembroke Welsh Corgi 3. 92% decrease in activity against an experimental substrate

Answer 491

1. Conjugates glutathione to detoxify endogenous (lipid peroxidase) & exogenous toxins

Answer 492

1. Fluoroscopy à % change in thoracic dimension 2. Body weight

Answer 493

1. Nebulizer (4.2%) \> MDI (2.3%)

Answer 494

1. AG = Na + K – (Cl + HCO3-)

Answer 495

1. Osm = 2\*Na + glucose/18 + BUN /2.8

Answer 496

1. SIDa = (Na + K + Mg + Ca) – (Cl + lactate) 2. SIDe = (HCO3 + A_tot); A_tot = albumin + phosphate

Answer 497

1. PCO2 (lungs) 1. More acidifies, less alkalinizes 2. Strong ion difference (kidneys) 1. More alkalinizes, less acidifies 3. Total weak acids (liver & metabolism; albumin and phosphate) 1. More acidifies, less alkalinizes

Answer 498

1. Buffered crystalloids contain metabolizable anions à disappear and increase SID 2. SID \< plasma [HCO3] à acidifying (pH decreases) 3. SID \> plasma [HCO3] à alkalinizing (pH increases)

Answer 499

1. PV/Ao similar b/w healthy controls and chronic hepatitis group (0.95 vs. 1.35) 2. PV/Ao significantly smaller in dogs with PHPV (0.4) and C-EHPSS (0.3)

Answer 500

1. PV/Ao correlated moderately and positively with SPP overall, but not within diagnosis groups

Answer 501

1. Creatinine, albumin, tCa, phosphorus, Na, K, Cl, ALP, age 1. tCa, albumin, chloride had highest impact

Answer 502

1. Hypercalcemia: sensitivity 64%, specificity 99.6% 1. As sensitive, more specific than tCa 2. Hypocalcemia: sensitivity 22%, specificity 98% 1. More sensitive and as specific as tCa

Answer 503

1. Homocysteine = endogenous sulfur-containing AA 1. Created from conversion of methionine 2. Most homocysteine is remethylated back to methionine or transsulfurated to cysteine 1. Folic acid is a necessary substrate of the methylation reaction 2. Cobalamin also necessary cofactor of methylation reaction

Answer 504

1. HypoT had increased homocysteine (med 20) vs. controls (11.5) 2. HypoT had decreased folate (med 20) vs. controls (med 30) 3. In hypoT dogs, total homocysteine correlated negatively with folate, TT4, FT4

Answer 505

1. Cats that received the synbiotic had less vomiting, less anorexia than placebo 2. Beneficial effects lasted at least 6 weeks after discontinuation 3. No effect to decrease antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Answer 506

1. NSD between gastrin levels in CKD cats vs. controls 2. NSD in mean intragastric pH over 12 hours of continuous pH monitoring (1.6 vs. 1.8)

Answer 507

1. 0% had naturally-occurring alloantibodies against canine RBC Ag before transfusion 2. 44% became crossmatch-incompatible to DEA1 type-matched blood after transfusion

Answer 508

1. Cross-match any dog that has been previously transfused, regardless of DEA-1 typing

Answer 509

1. Liver-produced protein that binds free hemoglobin (after hemolysis) & transports it to the liver for excretion 2. Haptoglobin drops with hemolysis, because excretion rates increase 3. Acute phase protein in dogs à goes up with inflammation

Answer 510

1. TK1 is a biomarker for cell proliferation à increases with increased mitosis 2. Increased activity in hemolysis à erythromagakaryocytopoiesis

Answer 511

1. TK1 and CRP decreased in well-controlled IMHA 2. CRP decreased in well-controlled IMPA 3. Using TK1 and CRP together (I’m assuming poorly controlled if either is high): sensitivity 65%, specificity 100% for poor control of IMHA

Answer 512

1. Cell-free DNA higher in cases vs. controls (med 45 ng/ml vs. 26 ng/ml) 2. DNase activity not different between cases and controls

Answer 513

1. Upper quartile for cfDNA vs. lower 3 quartiles had 15x OR for death 2. No association b/w cfDNA and thrombosis

Answer 514

1. Cats: sensitivity 96%, specificity 49%; GB wall thickening (OR 6.3 for bactibilia) 1. GB sludge also associated with bactibilia (OR 3.2) 2. Dogs: sensitivity 81%, specificity 31%; GB sludge MC but not associated with bactibilia

Answer 515

1. Cats: 33%; Dogs: 18% 2. *Escherichia coli, Enterococcus*

Answer 516

1. ICGN had lower albumin & higher UPC than non-ICGN or unspecified disease 1. Particularly membranoproliferative ICGN 2. Amyloid also had low albumin vs. other disease categories 2. CPC values couldn’t distinguish disease categories due to significant overlap b/w groups 1. ICGN had higher med BUN than non-ICGN

Answer 517

1. 46/162 dogs (28%)

Answer 518

1. ICGN 51% 2. Non-ICGN 36%

Answer 519

1. Feline infectious peritonitis 2. Always fatal; MST 14 days 3. Marked increase in TP (med 3.6, mean 9.4 g/dL) & TNCC (mean 196/uL) in all sampled cats

Answer 520

1. T3-L3 myelopathy 2. Central vestibular syndrome 3. Multifocal CNS disease

Answer 521

1. Meningeal & ependymal contrast enhancement 2. Ventriculomegaly 3. Syringomyelia 4. Foramen magnum herniation

Answer 522

1. Diarrhea (3.3%), lethargy (2.2%), unexplained hemorrhage (GI) (3.3%), thrombocytopenia (6.5%) and increased liver enzymes (6.3%) 2. Median dose higher in dogs with adverse events (2.6 mg/kg/d vs. 1.6 mg/kg/d)

Answer 523

1. 70.5%; not dose-dependent

Answer 524

1. Starting dose of 2 mg/kg/d, rather than recommended 3-4 mg/kg/d

Answer 525

1. 0.06 ug/ml; this dose of cipro had a 90% probability of attaining and AUC 100x greater than this MIC

Answer 526

1. High inter-individual variability in oral bioavailability (30-98%)

Answer 527

1. Epileptic myoclonus 1. Lafora’s disease: Mini Wirehaired Dachshunds (*EPM2B or NHLRC1*) 2. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: 9 different genes FFS 1. *PPT1, TPP1, CLN2, 5, 6, 8, CTSD, ATP13A2, ARSG* 3. Myoclonic epilepsy of unknown origin 2. Nonepileptic myoclonus 1. Canine distemper virus 2. Startle disease: Irish Wolfhound & Lab puppies 1. Microdeletions in GlyT2 gene (SLC6A5); autosomal recessive 3. Hemifacial spasm

Answer 528

1. Nondystrophic myotonia – chloride channel 1. Myotonia congenita of the Mini Schnauzer: autosomal recessive CLC-1 mutation 2. Myotonia congenita of other breeds 1. Aus Cattle Dog, Jack Russel; also CLC-1 mutation 2. Nondystrophic myotonia – sodium channel 1. Paramyotonia congenita & HYPP not well described in dogs 2. Potassium aggravated myotonia: cats 3. Myotonic dystrophy 1. Unknown mutation 4. Treat with class I antiarrhythmic drugs

Answer 529

1. Greyhounds had higher systolic blood pressure (151) and urinary albumin/FE_alb 2. Greyhounds had higher creatinine (1.5 vs. 1), SDMA (16 vs 12), Na (149 vs. 148)

Answer 530

1. Plasma ALDO was lower (11 vs 15) 2. ALDO/ACE was lower (2.5 vs. 4.9) 3. Similar plasma renin and ACE activity

Answer 531

1. Sensitivity 65%; specificity 100%

Answer 532

1. Increased insulin:glucose ratio, increased trig/chol, HDL, decreased adiponectin 2. Increased IL-8 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine like inflammatory cytokines 3. NSD in systolic blood pressure between groups

Answer 533

1. ALT: sensitivity 45% for acute, 71% for chronic; specificity \>90% for both 2. ALP: sensitivity 15% for acute, 35% for chronic; specificity \>90% for both 3. BA: sensitivity 15% for acute, 13% for chronic; specificity \> 90% for both 4. ALT significantly higher in primary hepatitis (312) than reactive (90); ALP NSD

Answer 534

1. What were the sensitivity and specificity of ALT, ALP, and bile acids for detecting acute hepatitis vs. normal liver in clinically healthy Labrador Retrievers? Chronic hepatitis? Reactive hepatitis? 1. ALT: sensitivity 45% for acute, 71% for chronic; spec 93% acute, 93% chronic 2. ALP: sensitivity 15% for acute, 35% for chronic; spec 99% acute, 99% chronic 3. BA: sensitivity 15% for acute, 13% for chronic; spec 90% acute, 90% chronic 4. Sensitivity of ALT, ALP, and BA for distinguishing reactive hepatitis from normal liver were all \< 10%; specificity all \> 90% (best for ALP 99%) 5. ALT SD, 3.6x higher in primary hepatitis (312) than reactive (90); ALP NSD

Answer 535

1. Hepatic copper highest in acute (964 mg/kg dwl) & chronic (685); SD from NL, RH dogs 2. NSD in ALT, ALP, or BA b/w dogs with normal (\< 400) vs. increased hepatic copper

Answer 536

1. Burmese, Tonkinese, Persian, Siamese, Abyssinian, British Shorthair had decreased risk 2. Longhaired cats at increased risk; coat color & pattern not associated

Answer 537

1. 90% primary GI (EPI most common 2^o GI cause) 2. 71% inflammatory – 66% FRE, 23% idiopathic, 11% ARE 3. 13% infectious 4. 4% neoplastic

Answer 538

1. 87% clinical remission 2. Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, neoplasia frequent in non-responders 3. Increased disease severity, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, severe hypocobalaminemia

Answer 539

1. No association b/w peripheral eosinophilia and FRD, SRD 2. No association b/w peripheral eosinophilia and serum 3-BrY 3. 3-BrY higher in SRE (3.27) than FRE (0.99); higher in FRE than controls (0.62) 4. No correlation b/w 3-BrY and clinical score

Answer 540

1. Sensitivity 61%, specificity 100%

Answer 541

1. Whole-blood taurine was within the reference interval in all cats 2. Cats with large intestinal signs had lower taurine than cats with small- or mixed bowel signs

Answer 542

1. No difference b/w cats with CE vs. neoplasia, appetite changes, weight loss vs. stable weight, duration of signs, diarrhea vs. normal feces 2. No associations were found b/w taurine and cobalamin, folate, albumin, duration of signs, FCEAI, BCS or age at diagnosis

Answer 543

1. 33% 2. *Ehrlichia, Babesia* 3. Convalescent serology, repeating PCR, and using novel PCR gene targets

Answer 544

1. Hyperfibrinolysis in 67%; severe hypofibrinogenemia in 60% 2. TXA and fresh frozen plasma 3. 67% survival to discharge; survival not affected by clinical signs of bleeding.

Answer 545

1. 93% of treated dogs had two negative PCR tests 30 days apart

Answer 546

1. No effect of benazepril on renal survival time overall or in proteinuric dogs 1. UNDERPOWERED for subgroup analysis 2. Proteinuria significantly lower in benazepril-treated dogs

Answer 547

1. Increase plasma phosphate and protein

Answer 548

1. Falling over, dystonia, muscle fasciculations (NOT loss of consciousness) 2. Dystonia: disturbance in muscle relaxation after voluntary contraction of percussion which improves with continued activity 3. Anti-epileptic therapy beneficial in 29/43; hypoallergenic gluten-free diet in 15/15 4. No genetic mutations identified in GWAS

Answer 549

1. Intranasal (stopped it in 70% vs. 20% of dogs)

Answer 550

1. NSD in weight over the course of treatment 2. No factors impacted survival, including weight, sex, ALP

Answer 551

1. Capsule 85% bioavailable compared to solution; variable absorption 2. Overall drug concentrations similar; half lives both 33h 3. Dose recommendation: 20 mg/kg load, then 10 mg/kg SID for both formulations

Answer 552

Attention response -\> arrest -\> salivation/licking -\> facial twitching -\> head turning/nodding -\> generalized clonic convulsions

Answer 553

1. Although VEGF and NTproBNP increased in cats with ocular TOD, no test had sufficient AUC to function as a diagnostic test. 2. Continue to use persistent increases in systolic blood pressure and fundoscopy, rather than NT-proBNP, VEGF, or cTnI to diagnose feline hypertension

Answer 554

1. NSD b/w puppies without murmurs and with innocent murmurs 2. NT-proBNP significantly higher in puppies with cardiac anomalies (med 1102 vs. 326) but lots of overlap 1. Some puppies with severe PS did not have high NT-proBNP levels

Answer 555

1. Longer murmur to systole ratio (\> 80% very likely to be anomalous) 2. Higher murmur to S1 amplitude ratio 3. Anomalous murmurs longer and louder than innocent ones

Answer 556

1. Right heart size (R atrial diameter, RV free wall thickness, RVID) increased in CHF + HCM vs controls 2. RV function (RV fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion) decreased in CHF + HCM 3. In subclinical HCM, only RVFWd was significantly higher than controls (29% higher than RR)

Answer 557

1. Cats with a larger % decrease in NT-proBNP from CHF diagnosis to hospital discharge had longer survival (overall MST 109 days) 2. Cats with CHF at re-evaluation and whose owners had trouble giving meds had shorter survival

Answer 558

1. \< 6 months

Answer 559

1. PH is not a contraindication as long as complete right-to-left shunting hasn’t occurred 2. MMVD is not a contraindication to closure

Answer 560

1. Measures of L and R heart longitudinal systolic dysfunction

Answer 561

1. MAPSE, TAPSE highest in controls, lower in asymptomatic HCM, lowest in HCM-CHF 2. Shorter survival in cats with lower MAPSE (both IVS and FW) and TAPSE

Answer 562

1. Sensitivity 90%, specificity 93% 2. PPV 86%, NPV 95%

Answer 563

1. Levo supplementation led to decreased TSH, increased FT4 & TT4, and no change in T3 compared to baseline 2. After 8 and 16 weeks of supplementation, TT4, FT4, TSH returned to baseline within 1 week

Answer 564

1. Critical difference was 3.3 ug/dL 2. Mean cortisol higher in males vs. females (13.3 vs. 11.5)

Answer 565

1. 93% of cats with thyroid cysts were hyperthyroid 2. 92% euthyroid post-I-131; 50% of cysts resolved 1. Resolution more likely in cysts \< 8 cm³ (62%) than \> 8 cm³ (36%)

Answer 566

1. Cystadenoma in 50%, carcinoma in 50% 2. Post-operative hypocalcemia (all had bilateral thyroid involvement)

Answer 567

1. 91% of hypertriglyceridemic dogs; 67% of hypercholesterolemic digs 1. TG decrease greater in dogs with primary vs. secondary hyper TG

Answer 568

1. No adverse effects 2. ALT significantly decreased over the course of treatment

Answer 569

1. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist 2. Increase lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis, cellular FA uptake, beta oxidation 3. Induces synthesis of major HDL lipoproteins, apoA-1 and apoA-2 4. Lowers apoC-III production & reduces VLDL secretion

Answer 570

1. NSD in post-ACTH injection IV vs. PV in either healthy or trilostane-treated HAC dogs

Answer 571

1. Mean gastric pH higher in omeprazole (7.2) vs. placebo (2.8) 2. NSD in serum gastrin

Answer 572

1. IV: MPT3 59%, MPT4 41% 2. SC MPT3 76%, MPT4 63% 3. PO: MPT3 88%, MPT4 83% 4. Baseline: MPT3 12%, MPT4 4%

Answer 573

1. Dalmatians: 12%; Dobermanns: 42%; Shih Tzus: 57% 1. Sporadically in MBDs, Lhasa Apso, Bichon Frise 2. No *Dal-* dogs without a transfusion history had *Dal* alloantibodies

Answer 574

1. Autosomal dominant

Answer 575

1. Predonation platelet count, lipemic index, phosphorus all positively associated

Answer 576

1. Hepatic mRNA expression 3.7x higher in CH dogs 2. CH dogs had higher median hepatic [ET-1] (13.2 vs 3.4) and plasmat [ET-1] (0.99 vs. 0.71) 3. Weak positive correlation b/w plasma ET-1 and splenic pulp pressure

Answer 577

1. Washout ratio = percent intensity decrease from peak to end of the study 2. Washout ratio is lower in dogs with CH than PHVP, CPSS, other hepatopathy, and controls 3. Washout ratio _\<_ 37.1% had 100% sensitivity, 85% specificity to predict hepatitis

Answer 578

1. Fair agreement for fibrosis; poor agreement for necroinflammatory activity 2. No difference in assigned fibrosis scores b/w H&E and picosirius red stained sections

Answer 579

1. FGF-23 was significantly higher in dogs with 3-4 CKD vs. 1-2 (2302 & 7733 vs. 338 & 336) 2. Strong positive correlation b/w FGF-23 and creatinine, FGF-23 and PTH 3. Moderate positive correlation b/w FGF-23 and phosphorus 4. No correlation b/w FGF-23 and total or ionized calcium 5. Creatinine, phosphorus were independent predictors of FGF-23

Answer 580

1. SDMA could not differentiate between AKI and CKD, but was higher in AKI & CKD vs. controls 2. SDMA/creatinine was higher in AKI dogs, but with significant overlap

Answer 581

1. cTnI and NT-proBNP were not associated with GFR à don’t accumulate in CKD dogs 2. No adjustments to interpretation in dogs with stable CKD

Answer 582

1. Fewer dogs with LS lesions regained urinary continence; NSD in regaining ambulation

Answer 583

1. Absent deep pain, lower motor neuron incontinence, and noncompressive lesions

Answer 584

1. Absent deep pain and being a large nonchondrodystrophic breed

Answer 585

1. Surgical treatment

Answer 586

1. Accuracy similar, including for determination of tumor type (about 83% accurate) 2. No benign lesion was misclassified as malingnant on cytology

Answer 587

1. Similar PFI to CHOP (194 days overall; 216 for complete and 63 for partial responders) 2. RAB/DOX protocol had fewer treatment visits than CHOP 3. Most adverse effects mild & self-limiting; two dogs developed pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 588

1. Staph, strep, Pasteurella, E. coli, anaerobes

Answer 589

1. Nasal cytology, aerobic bacterial culture of nasal secretions, *Mycoplasma* culture/PCR, diagnostics for feline herpesvirus/calcicivirus/*C felis* 2. Antimicrobials not recommended if discharge is serous, or if mucopurulent but \< 10 days

Answer 590

1. Treat if: fever, lethargy, anorexia, persistent mucopurulent discharge 2. Doxy x 7-10 days is first line; can use amoxicillin if *Mycoplasma, Chlamydia* not suspected 1. Cefovecin inferior to amoxy/doxy & not recommended

Answer 591

1. Work up to identify primary causes first! If 1^o identified, reserve Abx for severe signs 2. If culturing, use nasal lavage or brush cytology, not secretions! 3. Antimicrobial ideally selected based on C&S; amoxy/doxy are first line empirical 4. Fluoroquinolones, azithro only if amoxy/doxy not viable options or based on C&S 1. Azithro only if *C felis* not suspected; don’t use for immunomodulation only 5. Pseudomonas: only believe if isolated in pure or nearly pure culture; Tx based on C&S 6. Logistics: treat 7d; if improvement, continue 1 wk past resolution or plateau 1. Recurrence: treat 7-10 with same antibiotic; switch if no improvement in 48h

Answer 592

1. Viral: adenovirus 2, distemper, resp coronavirus, influenza, parainfluenza, herpes, pneumovirus 2. Bacterial: Bordetella, S. equi ssp zoo (if hemorrhagic pneumonia), Mycoplasma 3. Antimic if: fever, lethargy, anorexia, persistent mucopurulent discharge 1. Doxy first line (if no pneumonia); amoxi or amoxi-clav if doxy not an option

Answer 593

1. Rule out non-infectious & non-bacterial infections: TXR, fluoro, CT, HW test, fecal/Baermann, laryngeal exam 2. Airway wash if no other cause found: Mycoplasma & aerobic C&S, cytology 3. No antimicrobial therapy before C&S confirmation of bacteria unless severe signs 1. 7-10d of doxy if you are going to treat with Abx à 1 wk past resolution of signs

Answer 594

1. Ideally C&S of airway wash, but not always feasible; start Abx quickly if sepsis 1. Consider blood cultures if can’t sample airway 2. Consult microbiologist/pulmonologist for interpretation of wash samples 2. Empiric therapy while waiting for C&S results recommended 1. Doxy if suspected Bordetella or Mycoplasma (boarding, shelter) 2. Beta-lactam or 1^st gen cephalosporin for asp pneum (or no Abx) 3. Sepsis: fluoroquinolone + drug w/ gram+ & anaerobic coverage 4. NO empiric azithromycin for uncomplicated pneumonias 3. De-escalate based on C&S if possible; continue successful drugs if no sampling 4. Re-eval 10-14 days & extend or d/c based on signs, CBC, TXR

Answer 595

1. Cats: oropharyngeal anaerobes -\> Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Peptostrep, Clostridium, Actinomyces 2. Dogs: anaerobes: Prevotella, Peptostrep, Propionibacterium, Clost, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium

Answer 596

1. Continuous chest tube drainage +/- surgical lavage/debride 2. Parenteral fluoroquinolone + penicillin or clindamycin pending C&S 1. MUST HAVE ANAEROBIC COVERAGE 2. Tx 4-6 weeks

Answer 597

1. No association between any marker of oxidative stress and MMVD stage 2. All markers positively associated with serum cholesterol 1. Malondialdehyde, oxidized LDL, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol 3. Plasma g-tocopherol higher in neutered dogs; oxLDL lower in females

Answer 598

1. Yes, but clinical signs can recur 2. R-CHF due to worsened tricuspid regurgitation happened in 1/5 dogs

Answer 599

1. NSD in persistent hyperthyroidism (0% vs. 3.3% 6 months post) 2. Overt & subclinical hypothyroidism incidence higher in 4-miCu cats 1. Overt: 18% vs. 1%; subclinical: 46% vs. 21% 3. NSD in azotemia incidence, but high-dose cats had higher creatinine and % rise in creatinine 1. Also azotemia almost sig dif at 6 months (46% vs. 29%)

Answer 600

1. GBM dogs had higher incidence of abdominal distention, alopecia, and lethargy 2. GBM dogs had higher pre-treatment ACTH stim cortisol & higher trilostane dose requirements (2.5x normal GB group) 3. 93% of dogs in the GBM group had increased cholesterol and GGT (SD)

Answer 601

1. No association b/w this mutation and DM

Answer 602

1. Significant association between higher pre-operative iCa and proportion of dogs with post-Sx iCa \< 1.00 2. Dogs with “higher” initial iCa concentrations should be treated to prevent rapid decline and development of clinical hypocalcemia

Answer 603

1. 3/8 cats entered diabetic remission 2. Significant decreases in IGF-1, insulin resistance index (fructosamine x insulin dose), and insulin dose 3. NSD in mean fructosamine or mean blood glucose

Answer 604

1. Diarrhea, hypoglycemia, worsening polyphagia

Answer 605

1. Somatostatin analogue à inhibits basal & GHRH-stimulated GH secretion 1. Also inhibits TSH, insulin, glucagon, gastrin secretion

Answer 606

1. 5/8; 2 focal small intestinal & 3 diffuse small intestinal exudation

Answer 607

1. Hypo dogs more likely to have villous blunting, lacteal dilation, epithelial injury, and crypt distension; more likely to have intraepithelial lymphs, lamina propria neuts 2. Higher scores for each of these histopath criteria associated with lower serum albumin

Answer 608

1. Decreased % diarrhea days (3.2 vs. 2%) 2. Decreased occurrence of diarrhea in 1^st 14 days (27% vs. 19%) 3. Decreased occurrence of _\>_ 2 days of diarrhea (8 vs. 4.6%)

Answer 609

1. No differences in any swallow study metric with age

Answer 610

1. Gastric reflux, esophageal retention, retrograde flow, and bolus discohesion

Answer 611

1. Ultrasound (motility index of antral contractions) 2. 288 minutes (4.8 hours)

Answer 612

1. 87% of cats, 32% of dogs 2. # of transfusions associated with increased likelihood of death in dogs but not cats

Answer 613

1. NSD in PS concentrations after leukoreduction, storage, or simulated transfusion 2. LR caused immediate increase in thromboxane A2 and PGF2alpha that normalized with storage 3. NSD in arachidonic acid, other prostaglandins, leukotriene B4

Answer 614

1. PS is a normal component of RBC membranes, but usu confined to the inner membrane leaflet 2. Aged/damaged RBCs, PS translocates to the cell surface à signals mononuclear phagocytes to remove the cell 3. PS expression would lead to decreased lifespan of transfused RBCs

Answer 615

1. Lower G, MA, and angle; prolonged K, R, and PT (all consistent with hypocoagulable)

Answer 616

9/21 normo, 7/21 hyper, 5/21 hypocoagulable

Answer 617

1. Increased R and K times; increased LY30%, decreased angle

Answer 618

1. # of days receiving HES was associated with an increase in AKI grade w/in 10 days 2. HES exposure, HES ml/kg/d not associated with increase in AKI grade

Answer 619

1. In dogs _\>_ 25kg, a decrease in USMI hazard (OR _\<_ 0.89) was identified for each month of delay in neutering up to one year of age

Answer 620

1. 3.73 years

Answer 621

1. IRIS I had significantly higher UF2-isoprostanes; UF2-iso decreased with increasing IRIS stage.

Answer 622

1. IRIS I had significantly higher UF2-isoprostanes; UF2-iso decreased with increasing IRIS stage.

Answer 623

1. No; NSD in UF2-iso b/w hypertensive & non, proteinuric & non 2. No correlation between UF2-iso and systolic blood pressure or UPC

Answer 624

1. Abyssinian cats 2. Akitas, Siberian Huskies, Shiba Inu, SharPei

Answer 625

1. Serum iron = iron in blood bound to transferrin 2. Transferrin = binding protein for iron so it can’t act as a free radical 3. Total iron binding capacity = surrogate for transferrin + apotransferrin 1. % saturation = serum iron/TIBC 4. Ferritin = intracellular but accessible storage form of iron (hemosiderin not accessible)

Answer 626

1. Acute phase protein; freely filtered at the glomerulus so may accumulate in CKD 2. Downregulates expression of ferroportin, the membrane iron transport protein 3. Increased hepcidin traps iron inside reticuloendothelial cells & limits intestinal iron absorption

Answer 627

1. No correlation of APP, iron status, or EPO concentrations with survival

Answer 628

1. Acute phase proteins SAA and hepcidin higher in CKD group; both correlated positively with creatinine 1. higher hepcidin correlated with lower HCT 2. Mean total iron and TIBC lower in the CKD group

Answer 629

1. Yes; HR 4.3

Answer 630

1. CKD: Sensitivity 28%, specificity 99.6% 2. Nonazotemic: Sensitivity 9%, specificity 100% 3. Lower venous bicarbonate increased the risk that total calcium would underestimate ionized calcium

Answer 631

1. 85% of dogs had PCV _\>_ 30 2. 67% of dogs had _\>_ 10% increase in PCV 3. Higher starting dose associated with achieving increase of _\>_ 10%

Answer 632

1. Med 29 days to achieve PCV _\>_ 30% 2. No dog maintained with a dosing interval above 21 days

Answer 633

1. Hypertension requiring treatment 12/33 2. PRCA (possible) in 2/33 (6%) 3. Vomiting, diarrhea, seizures

Answer 634

1. Caregivers underestimated # of urinations per day and mean cover up time, but did not underestimate urination time 2. Cats with abnormal urinary behavior had higher # of urinations per day, which was not detected by caregivers 3. Cats with abnormal urinary behavior had a shorter mean cover-up time which was not detected by caregivers

Answer 635

1. Sensitivity 80%; specificity 94% 2. NSD in serum pNF-H b/w control and DM affected dogs

Answer 636

1. Even though all tests except the VetScan had specificity \> 90% for both, prevalence is low enough that most positives on POC assays will be false positives 2. SNAP test performed best for FELV (sens & spec 100%) (VetScan was worst, sens & spec 85%); NSD for FIV

Answer 637

1. Cardiologists detected murmurs at a younger age (7 vs. 8 years) 2. GPs detected more murmurs in female dogs with time, but not in male dogs

Answer 638

1. 120 mmHg (110-132) 2. Increasing age, male sex, neutered status, increased nervousness, history of stray

Answer 639

1. Indoor only, “greedy eater”, overweight, and eating primarily dry food (in normal weight cats)

Answer 640

1. Serum leptin higher in dogs with GBM (med 7) vs. w/o (2.2); higher in dogs that went to surgery (12) vs. not (5) 2. mRNA expression for leptin and its receptor higher in tissues of dogs with GBM 3. No difference in serum leptin in dogs with GBM with and without endocrinopathy

Answer 641

1. Ascitic fluid had lower fibrinogen, higher FDPs, and higher D-dimers than plasma 2. Evidence of coagulation and fibrinolysis in almost all canine ascitic fluid

Answer 642

1. All 4 cases where ELISA was – and PCR +, PCR was false + (virus isolation gold std) 2. In 7 cases where ELISA+, PCR-, 5/7 were ELISA false +

Answer 643

1. No; no difference in bacteriuria incidence or *E. coli* incidence 2. No difference in anti-adhesion activity between groups, but dogs with anti-adhesion activity had significantly fewer positive E. coli cultures

Answer 644

1. 14/35 normo, 14/35 hyper, 7/35 hypo; 2. hypo had more hemorrhagic diatheses & higher mortality rate (21% in hyper, 57% in hypo) 1. DIC not a prognostic factor

Answer 645

1. Lower platelet counts, increased D dimers

Answer 646

1. 170 mmHg 2. 13/97 borderline, 18/97 overtly proteinuric

Answer 647

1. 19% had persistent UPC \> 0.2; persistent overt proteinuria in 8%

Answer 648

1. NSD between the two methods, but variability increases with magnitude of UPC

Answer 649

1. CKD had higher uNGAL and uNGAL/uCr vs. controls 2. Sensitivity for detection of progression was 77% for both uNGAL and uNGAL/uCr 3. Specificity for detection of progression 75% for uNGAL, 79% for uNGAL/uCr 1. Cutoffs: 2.06 ng/ml uNGAL, 4.08 x 10^-6 uNGAL/uCr