Literature lecture 2

Question 1

What is planning culture?

Answer 1

planning culture refers to the idea that planning practices are influenced by cultural contexts, challenging the notion that planning is a neutral, technical activity.

Question 2

what are the two main drivers for considering the cultural embeddedness of planning?

Answer 2

globalization and changes in planning and social theory

Question 3

How does globalization impact planning research?

Answer 3

It increases the demand for comparative studies to understand cultural variations among nation-states.

Question 4

What are some examples of changes in planning and social theory?

Answer 4

The cultural turn and neo-institutionalism

Question 5

What are the main arguments regarding planning effectiveness in Flanders and the Netherlands?

Answer 5

Cultural and institutional conditions are crucial in explaining the effectiveness of spatial planning in managing spatial development.

Question 6

What are some differences in urban form between Flanders and the Netherlands?

Answer 6

Flanders exhibits extreme sprawl chracterized by dispersed spatial development while the Netherlands has controlled sub-urbanization.

Question 7

How do culture and institutions overlap in planning research?

Answer 7

Institutions provide templates for interprettion and action, shping the behavior of individuals and collective actors within a community.

Question 8

What are some differences in planning approaches between Flanders and the Netherlands?

Answer 8

Flanders has a politicized planning approach dominated by short-term political rationality, while the Netherlands has a depoliticized approach with bureaucratic rationality dominating decision-making

Question 9

What are the four perspectives on planning and culture?

Answer 9

• planning as a cultural phenomenon: spatial development is influenced by factors beyond formal planning mechanisms eg. historical events, societal attitudes.
• planning as a sub-culture: ?
• planning as a function of government: imporantce of understanding how planning systems interact with government structures and societal expectations.
• societal culture and planning: relationship between a society’s culture, urban morphology, and planning

Question 10

What should be understood about planning outcomes in Flanders and the Netherlands?

Answer 10

Looking at things from different perspectives helps us fully understand how culture, the layout of spaces, and planning are connected.

Question 11

What are the values and challenges highlighted in international comparative research in understanding spatial planning?

Answer 11

Comparative studies shed light on national conditions and provide alternative perspectives on planning systems, but they face challenges in methodological issues and the validity of comparisons.

Question 12

what initiatives have facilitated incerased interaction between spatial planning systems in Europe?

Answer 12

Initiatives like ESPON and INTERREG have spurred interest in cross-national comparisons

Question 13

What does the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) draw attention to?

Answer 13

legal and administrative classification and ideal typologies

Question 14

what are some methodological challenges faced by cross-national comparative studies of planning systems?

Answer 14

obtaining compatible data, dealing with socio-political contexts and language differences, and ensuring linguistic and conceptual equivalence.

Question 15

what is the EU-wide compendium of spatial planning systems and policies?

Answer 15

It’s a study started to give complete details about how Europe plans its spaces and to find out the difficulties faced in putting those plans into action.

Question 16

how does the compendium employ a typology to understand planning systems in Europe?

Answer 16

it uses four ‘traditions’ of spatial planning: comprehensive integrated, land-use management, regional economic, and urbanism

Question 17

what are criticisms are mentioned regarding the ideal type approach used in comparative planning studies?

Answer 17

Ctirics argue that it may focus too much on unrealistic and one-sided ideal types, potentially overlooking the complexity of real-world planning systems.

Question 18

what is emphasized regarding the future evolution of comparative approaches in spatial planning research?

Answer 18

We need new ways of thinking and working. These should focus on being flexible, who’s involved, and how planning happens at different levels.

Question 19

what are some mechanisms of governances introduced by Europeanization in spatial planning?

Answer 19

Hierarchy, bargaining, and facilitated coordination

Question 20

what is the multi-scalar analytical framework for comparative spatial planning research focused on?

Answer 20

considering both structural framework conditions and concrete practices within individual systems across different scales

Question 21

what are some challenges presented on the macro level in spatial planning?

Answer 21

spatial challenges such as globalization and institutional challenges related to adapting to changing spatial dynamics.

Question 22

what are some key themes outlined in the methodological framework for comparative analysis in spatial planning research?

Answer 22

scope and objectives of spatial planning, modes and tools of spatial planning, rescaling planning power, actors and networks, and policy and planning styles.

Question 23

what are some approaches to European spatial development policy?

Answer 23

• Strategically oriented informal approaches
• formal acts
• monetary incentive systems.

Question 24

What is emphasized regarding planning systems at the meso level?

Answer 24

They need to adapt to change, sometimes staying steady, sometimes not.

Question 25

what concept is applied to planning research to highlight the interplay between objective structures and individual perceptions and actions within planning contexts?

Answer 25

Bourdieu’s notion of field and habitus

Question 26

What is the expectation regarding shifts in planning approaches across different countries?

Answer 26

a shift towards strategy-oriented planning with variations in approach and content.

Question 27

what is the overall aim of the framework proposed for understanding spatial planning systems and practices?

Answer 27

To understand how planning works in different places, we have to look at both the big picture rules and the specific ways it’s done locally.

Question 28

how are culture and institutions defined?

Answer 28

culture is shared attitudes and values.
institutions are rules, resources and patterns of behavior.

Question 29

What are historical factors that have influenced differences in NL and Belgium

Answer 29

belgium had early industrialization which led to specific patterns of urbanization, driven by stogn anti-urban sentiment.
netherlands: post war housing shortages and population growth necessitated large scale public intervention, lead to containment policies.

Question 30

what are formal classifications?

Answer 30

categorization of planning systems based on common attributes

Question 31

what are ideal types?

Answer 31

Ideal types in spatial planning refer to conceptual models or theoretical constructs that represent an idealized or simplified version of a planning approach, process, or outcome. These ideal types are often used as analytical tools to understand and evaluate spatial planning practices, policies, and systems.

Question 32

What are approaches to European Spatial Development policy?

Answer 32

1. strategically oriented, informal approaches: spatial discourses
2. formal acts: legally binding tools
3. moneraty incentive systems: linking spatial development goals with fincancial incentives

Question 33

Role of ESPON

Answer 33

network serves as a link between research and practice, facilitating exchange of spatially relevant data

Question 34

adaptive capacities on the meso level

Answer 34

planning systems must adapt to changing conditions. systems exhibit varying degrees of stability and instability with some countries experiencing gradual adaptation processes while others experience more abrupt changes

Question 35

planning practices and policy styles on the micro level

Answer 35

planning practices vary within systems due to differing cultural and contextual factors. concept of ‘intrinsic logic’ considers context-dependent forms of planning practice.

Question 36

what are the five dimensions of change?

Answer 36

1. scope and objectives: strategic spatial planning, aligning short- and medium-term actions.
2. modes and tools: differentiation of instrumental tools (emphasis on informal modes of operation). balance between formal ad informal planning are crucial.
3. rescaling planning power: decentralization and recentralization.
4. actors and networks: shift from government to governance
5. policy and planning styles: vary from command and control to consensus-oriented governance arrangements.