Liquids and Solids

Question 1

Gas

Answer 1

Conforms to the volume and shape of the container
Continual motion
Low density
Easily compressed to smaller volume
Weak intermolcular forces

Question 2

Liquid

Answer 2

Conforms to the shape of the container
Sliding motion of particles past one another
Moderate density
Small ability to be compressed

Question 3

Miscibility

Answer 3

The degree to which two liquids can mix

Question 4

Immiscible

Answer 4

Molecules that repel each other due to their polarity difference not allowing mixing

Question 5

Emulsion

Answer 5

Under extreme conditions 2 immiscible liquids form a homogeneous mixture of discrete particles too small to be seen

Question 6

Solid

Answer 6

Defined volume and shape
Particles in a fixed position (vibrational energy)
High density
Difficult to compress

Question 7

Crystalline solid

Answer 7

Possesses an ordered structure of 3-D geometric arrangement with repeating patterns of atoms, ions, or molecules

Question 8

Amorphous solid

Answer 8

No ordered 3-D arrangement of atoms

Question 9

Ionic solids

Answer 9

Aggregates of positively and negatively charged ions
High melting & boiling points
Poor electrical conductivity
Strong electrostatic interactions
Ions immobile

Question 10

Metallic solids

Answer 10

Metals atoms packed together as closely as possible
High melting & boiling points
Strong covalent attractions

Question 11

Unit cells

Answer 11

The smallest repeating units that compose the large crystalline structure
Simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic
Each point represents the exact same atom/ion

Question 12

Specific heat

Answer 12

The amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance 1 K or 1 C

Question 13

Latent heat of transformation (Hl)

Answer 13

The amount of heat needed to change the phase of 1 kg of a substance

Question 14

Heat of transformation

Answer 14

Temperature of substance remains constant, the heat gained/lost is related to the amount of material that changes phase
Q = mHl

Question 15

Heat of fusion

Answer 15

Phase change from liquid to solid at the melting-point temperature

Question 16

Heat of vaporization

Answer 16

Phase change from liquid to gas at the boiling-point temperature

Question 17

Evaporation/vaporization

Answer 17

Molecules with enough energy leave the liquid phase and escape into the gaseous phase
Cooling process

Question 18

Condensation

Answer 18

Escaping evaporated molecules trapped by a cover exert a countering pressure, forcing some of the gas back into the liquid phase

Question 19

Gas-liquid equilibraium

Answer 19

Between evaporation and condensation

Question 20

Vapour pressure

Answer 20

The pressure that a gas exerts over the liquid

Increases as temperature increases

Question 21

Boiling point

Answer 21

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure

Question 22

Fusion

Answer 22

Melting
Transition from solid to liquid
Atoms in solid phase absorb enough energy to break down the 3-D structure

Question 23

Freezing

Answer 23

Solidification, crystallization

Transition from liquid to solid

Question 24

Sublimation

Answer 24

Transition from solid to gas

Question 25

Deposition

Answer 25

Transition from gas to solid

Question 26

Phase diagram

Answer 26

Depicts the phases and phase equilibria of a substance at defined temperatures and pressures

Question 27

Triple point

Answer 27

The intersection of the freezing/melting line, vaporization/condensation line and sublimation/deposition line where all three phases are in equilibrium

Question 28

Critical point

Answer 28

The temperature and pressure above which the liquid and gas are not possible
Supercritical fluids exist

Question 29

Colligative properties

Answer 29

Physical properties derived solely from the number of particles present not their nature

Question 30

Freezing-point depression

Answer 30

Solute particles lower the temperature at which molecules can align themselves into a crystalline structure, lowering the freezing point

Question 31

Boiling-point elevation

Answer 31

The boiling point of a liquid will be higher when another compound is added

Question 32

van’t Hoff factor

Answer 32

i

Accounts for the number of particles that dissociate from the original molecule

Question 33

Osmotic pressure

Answer 33

The minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane

Question 34

Raoult’s Law

Answer 34

The partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapour pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture