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PMQA > Liquids And Colloids > Flashcards

Liquids And Colloids Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of Liquids

A

•Ease of administration
•Immediate availability for absorption
•It is more rapidly and efficiently absorbed, compared to tablets or capsules.

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2
Q

Disadvantages of Liquids

A

• Technical problems (instability)
• Special techniques required for poorly soluble drugs.
• Requires pharmaceutical elegance with regards to taste, appearance, and viscosity.

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3
Q

Instability of LIQUIDS as a technical problem may be caused by the following conditions :

A
  1. pH
  2. Temperature
  3. Concentration of the Reactants
  4. Light or Radiation
  5. Packaging Components
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4
Q

Factors that affect Light/Radiation:

A

a. intensity of the wavelength of light
b. size of the container
c. shape of the container

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5
Q

Flint/ Colorless glass container

A

light transmission above 300 nm

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6
Q

Amber/ Light resistant glass container

A

light transmission above 470 nm

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7
Q

Container Components

A

Glass • Plastic • Metal • Rubber

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8
Q

Glass containers have been the container of choice because of the following reasons

A
  1. Resistance to decomposition by atmospheric conditions
  2. Resistance to decomposition by solid or liquid contents of varying composition
  3. By modifying the chemical composition of glass
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9
Q

Glass has two (2) principal faults or undesirable properties

A
  1. Release alkali to liquids stored in the glass container.
  2. Releases insoluble flakes
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10
Q

Glass undesirable properties can be resolved through

A
  1. decreasing the soda content in the glass
  2. replacing sodium oxide with other oxides to overcome the undesirable property of glass
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11
Q

Classification of glass used in packaging pharmaceuticals depend upon:

A
  1. chemical constituents
  2. ability to resist deterioration
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12
Q

generally suitable for all parenterals

A

Type 1 Glass container

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13
Q

Highly Resistant Borosilicate Glass

A

Type 1 Glass container

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14
Q

Constituents of Type 1 Glass container

A

SiO2 + B2O3

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15
Q

treated with sulfur dioxide

A

Type 2 Glass container

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16
Q

suitable for parenterals solutions, which is buffered

A

Type 2 Glass container

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17
Q

has a pH below 7; not reactive with the glass

A

Type 2 Glass container

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18
Q

Treated Soda Lime Glass

A

Type 2 Glass container

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19
Q

Constituents of Type 2, 3, & 4 Glass containers

A

Na2O + CaO

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20
Q

suitable for anhydrous parenterals liquids or dry substances

A

Type 3 Glass container

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21
Q

Soda lime Glass for Dry Products

A

Type 3 Glass container

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22
Q

not for parenterals use; suitable only for tablets, capsules, suspensions, ointments and extractives

A

Type 4 Glass container

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23
Q

General Purpose Soda lime Glass

A

Type 4 Glass container

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24
Q

Test performed on ground or powdered glass to expose internal surface

A

Powdered Glass Test

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25
Q

Tests the leaching potential of the glass

A

Powdered Glass Test

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26
Q

Powdered Glass Test uses alkali treated with __________

A

0.02 N sulfuric acid (acidimetry)

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27
Q

Test where exposure of the glass with sulfur dioxide is at 121°C

A

Water Attack Test

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28
Q

Water Attack Test is specifically performed with ________

A

TYPE II GLASS

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29
Q

These are high molecular weight polymers

A

Plastic Containers

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30
Q

Cannot be autoclaved

A

Polyethylene

31
Q

Low density polyethylene is used as

A

droppers and sprays

32
Q

High density polyethylene is used as

A

solid oral preparations

33
Q

autoclavable high molecular weight polymer

A

Polypropylene

34
Q

Used for blister packaging and is CARCINOGENIC

A

Polyvinyl chloride

35
Q

For beverages
Have transparency and luster
Gamma radiation sterilization

A

Polyethylene terephthalate

36
Q

Disperse systems having a consistency of a soft paste, gel, cream, or ointment can be conveniently packed into “collapsible tubes”

A

Metal Containers

37
Q

designed to release pressurized contents

A

Metal Containers

38
Q

container may explode if heated

A

Metal Containers

39
Q

The disadvantages of plastic packaging

A
  1. Permeability of the container to atmospheric gases and to moisture.
  2. Leaching of the constituents.
  3. Sorption (ab or ad) of the drugs from the contents to the plastic container.
  4. Transmission of light through the container.
  5. Container deformation.
40
Q

Special techniques required for poorly soluble drugs

A

• Co-solvency
• pH control
• Solubilization
• Complexation
• Hydrotrophy
• Chemical Modification of the drug

41
Q

Co-solvents may be used in the formulation of aqueous liquid, such as alcohol, sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol

A

Solubility

42
Q

Acidic preservatives

A

alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PABA), benzoic acid, and its salts.

For external use – boric acid and phenols are used

43
Q

Neutral preservatives

A

benzyl alcohol, and phenylethyl alcohol

44
Q

Mercurial preservatives

A

thimerosal, nitromersols, phenyl mercuric acetate/ nitrate

45
Q

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds preservatives

A

benzalkonium chloride and cetyl pyridinium chloride

46
Q

most useful preservatives are the

A

esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acids (PABA or parabens)

47
Q

Added to prevent cap locking

48
Q

an extremely sweet viscous substance, which imparts both body (viscosity) and sweetness to liquid formulations

A

Liquid Glucose

49
Q

15 to 30 x sweeter than sucrose

A

Cyclamates

50
Q

250 to 500 x sweeter than sucrose

51
Q

Viscosity controlling agents are

A

PVP, methylcellulose, and sodium CMC

52
Q

Manufacturing Considerations in Liquids

The rate at which the equilibrium is achieved is highly dependent in the details of the following:

A

1) equipment
2) compounding procedure
3) packaging methods
4) labeling
5) storage

53
Q

Intermediate between solutions precipitates

54
Q

They are larger than the molecules and ions that make up the solutions.

55
Q

a two-phase heterogeneous mixture made up of a dispersed phase of tiny particles that are distributed evenly within a continuous phase

56
Q

Used to separate and purify colloidal material.

This can be conducted under negative pressure (suction) through a dialysis membrane supported in a Buchner Funnel.

A

Ultrafiltration

57
Q

Electrodialysis

A

A purification process by which it is done by the removal of charged impurities such as ionic contaminants in dialysis through the use of an electronic potential across the membrane.

58
Q

Colloidal silver chloride, silver iodide, and silver protein are effective ______

A

germicides

59
Q

Coarsely powdered sulfur is poorly absorbed when administered ______

60
Q

Colloidal copper

A

treatment of cancer

61
Q

colloidal gold

A

diagnostic agent for paresis

62
Q

colloidal mercury

63
Q

macromolecule used as a plasma substitute

A

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES)

64
Q

macromolecules (as adjunct):

A

• Starch
• Cellulose

65
Q

Plasma expander

66
Q

Colloidal particles that interact to an appreciable extent with the dispersion medium.

A

lyophilic (solvent-loving) colloids

67
Q

Most lyophilic colloids are organic molecules of

A

gelatin, acacia, insulin, albumin, rubber, and polystyrene

68
Q

Composed of materials that have little attraction, if any, for the dispersion medium

A

Lyophobic Colloids

69
Q

These aggregates, which may contain 50 or more monomers, are called _______

70
Q

concentration of monomer at which micelles form

A

critical micelle concentration (CMC)

71
Q

number of monomers that aggregate to form a micelle

A

aggregation number of the micelle

72
Q

a stable colloidal system is one in which the particles ____

A

resist flocculation or aggregation and exhibit a long shelflife

73
Q

An aggregate usually separates out either by ____________ (if it is more dense than the medium) or by ____________ (if it is less than the medium).

A

Sedimentation; Creaming

74
Q

Coagulation is irreversible, whereas flocculation can be reversed by the process of ___________

A

deflocculation

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