Lipids (Section 1)

Question 1

What is the definition of lipids as it relates to nutrition?

Answer 1

Soluble in organic solvents

Question 2

Lipids can be classified into which 3 categories?

Answer 2

Simple Lipids
Compound Lipids
Derived Lipids

Question 3

Simple Lipids consist of what?

Answer 3

FA
TG
DG
MG
esterified lipids

Question 4

Compound Lipids consist of what?

Answer 4

Phospholipids (phosphate + lipid)
Glycolipids (glucagon + lipid)
Lipoproteins (protein + lipid)

Question 5

Derived Lipids consist of what?

Answer 5

Products of esterified lipids (i.e. cholesterol)

Question 6

Fatty Acids are considered what kind of lipids & made up of what two components?

Answer 6

Simple Lipids

Hydrocarbon Chain + Carboxylic Acid End

Question 7

The Carboxyl End in FA’s is _____ and attaches to _____?

Answer 7

• Carboxyl end is Polar
• Attaches to Water (water soluble)

Question 8

The Hydrocarbon End in FA’s is _____ and attaches to _____?

Answer 8

• Hydrocarbon end is Non-Polar
• Attaches to Fat [away from water] (fat soluble)

Question 9

In Saturated Fat’s, Hydrocarbon’s are _____ saturated with hydrogen, and _____ at room temperature?

Answer 9

Fully Saturated
Solid @ Room Temperature

Question 10

Unsaturated Fat’s can be characterized by the presence of ______ and is ______ at room temperature?

Answer 10

Presence of Double Bonds
Liquid @ Room Temperature

Question 11

Trans Fat has a _____ hydrocarbon chain, and is generally considered ______ for consumption?

Answer 11

Straight Hydrocarbon Chain
Not Recommended for Consumption

Question 12

Trans Fat occurs ______ in meat & dairy, but is produced mainly from ______ in commercial food processing?

Answer 12

Occurs Naturally in Meat & Dairy
Produced from Hydrogenation

Question 13

Cis Fat has a _____ hydrocarbon chain, and is generally considered ______ for consumption?

Answer 13

Bent Hydrocarbon Chain
Generally Safe for Consumption

Question 14

The primary benefit of Trans Fat is?

Answer 14

Increased Shelf Life

Question 15

The Hydrogenation process in producing Trans Fat changes _____ fat to ______ fat.

Answer 15

Liquid Fat to Solid Fat

Question 16

In FA’s the hydrophobic portion is the portion with or without the double bond, and likes what?

Answer 16

Without the double bond, likes fat.

Question 17

In FA’s the hydrophilic portion is the portion with or without the double bond, and likes what?

Answer 17

With the double bond, likes water.

Question 17

In FA’s the hydrophilic portion is the portion with or without the double bond, and likes what?

Answer 17

With the double bond, likes water.

Question 18

Monounsaturated Fat (MUFA) contains how many double bonds and what are some examples?

Answer 18

One Double Bond

• Olive Oil
• Avocado
• Canola

Question 19

Polyunsaturated Fat (PUFA) contains how many double bonds and what are some examples?

Answer 19

2+ double bonds

• Soybean
• Safflower
• Sunflower
• Corn
• Fish
• Flax

Question 20

Short Chain Fatty Acids consist of what 3 acids?

Answer 20

(2:0) Acetic Acid
(3:0) Propionic Acid
(4:0) Butryic Acid

Question 21

Medium Chain Fatty Acids are anything above how many carbon bonds?

Answer 21

Anything above 4

Question 22

Medium Chain Fatty Acids consist of what 3 acids?

Answer 22

(6:0) Caproic Acid
(8:0) Caprylic Acid
(10:0) Capric Acid

Question 23

What are some examples of Long Chain Fatty Acids ?

Answer 23

Question 24

Omega-3 Unsaturated Fatty Acids are found most commonly found in?

Answer 24

Fish

Question 25

By what mechanisms do Omega-3 Unsaturated Fatty Acids reduce the risk for heart disease?

Answer 25

By decreasing platelet aggregation & decreasing blood lipids.

Question 26

When counting to identify a double bond from the "methyl" end, which direction do you begin counting from?

Answer 26

Left to Right

Question 27

When counting to identify a double bound from the "carboxyl" end, which direction do you begin counting from?

Answer 27

Right to Left

Question 28

Why do Omega-3 & Omega-6 Fatty Acids need to come from dietary sources?

Answer 28

Because humans lack the enzymes to digest the double bonds found in them.

Question 29

What are Essential Fatty Acids considered "essential" ?

Answer 29

Because they are not found in the body.

Question 30

What are some examples of Essential Fatty Acids?

Answer 30

Linoleic Acid Alpha-Linolenic

Question 31

What is the AMDR recommended intake of Linoleic?

Answer 31

12-17 g/d

Question 32

What is the AMDR recommended intake of Omega-3?

Answer 32

1.1-1.6 g/d

Question 33

Eicosanoids are what kind of essential fatty acid?

Answer 33

20 carbon fatty acid derivatives produced from arachidonic or omega-3 fatty acids

Question 34

What are 3 classes of Eicosanoids?

Answer 34

Prostaglandins Thromboxanes Leukotrienes

Question 35

Eicosanoids have what physiological effects in the human body?

Answer 35

Vasodilation Vasoconstriction Platlet Aggregation Chemotaxis Hormone Secretion

Question 36

Triglycerides are what % of dietary fat?

Answer 36

95%

Question 37

The structure of TG's consists of what?

Answer 37

Glycerol Backbone + 3 FA Tails

Question 38

The structure of phospholipids consists of what?

Answer 38

Glycerol Backbone One or more FA One Phosphate

Question 39

How are phospholipids formed?

Answer 39

From having a polar head group

Question 40

Where are sterols found?

Answer 40

Only in Animal Products (Cholesterol is most common)

Question 41

Is Cholesterol Essential?

Answer 41

No > can be synthesized in the body.

Question 42

Sterols are an essential component of what?

Answer 42

Cell Membrane

Question 43

Sterols (cholesterol) are the precursor of what?

Answer 43

Other Steroids: - Bile Acid - Sex Hormones - Vit. D

Question 44

Sterols along with Phospholipids make up the remaining ___ % of fats in the diet?

Answer 44

5%