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Biology Module 2, Chapter 3 - Biological Molecules > Lipids - Recall > Flashcards

Lipids - Recall Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols

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2
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides?

A

Triglycerides are made up of glycerol connected to three fatty acid tails through ester bonds.

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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of triglycerides?

HINT: E W A T P

A

HINT: Eager Whales Add Thick Padding

E - Energy: Lipids are a major source of energy.
W - Water: They are a source of metabolic water when oxidized.
A - Adipose Tissue: Lipids make up adipose tissue, storing fat in the body.
T - Thermal Insulation: They provide thermal insulation under the skin, especially in animals.
P - Protection: Lipids cushion and protect internal organs.

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4
Q

How do triglycerides compare to carbohydrates in terms of energy?

A

-Per g triglycerides release more energy

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5
Q

Being a source of metabolic water makes them useful for organisms in what kind of environment?

A

Desert

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6
Q

Give an example of an animal that uses triglycerides as thermal insulation

A

Killer whale in the form of blubber

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7
Q

When are triglycerides stored as adipose tissue?

A

When energy input is greater than energy output

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8
Q

Why is cholesterol transported as a lipoprotein?

A

They allow lipids and cholesterol to dissolve in the blood

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9
Q

What are the functions of sterols (2 functions)?

A

Cholesterol used in cell membranes to give stability and regulate fluidity
Used to make steroid hormones

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10
Q

Give 2 examples of steroid hormones

A

Testosterone and oestrogen

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11
Q

Where is cholesterol manufactured?

A

The liver and intestines

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12
Q

What is the function of HDL?

A

used to make cell membranes and organelle membranes
decreases membrane fluidity

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13
Q

Which is ‘good’ cholesterol; HDL or LDL?

A

HDL

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14
Q

What does too much LDL lead to?

A

atherosclerosis (deposits in artery walls)
gall stones

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15
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

A condensation reaction between a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

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16
Q

What kind of bonds are formed when a triglyceride is formed?

A

Ester bonds

17
Q

Which part of a glycerol molecule takes part in the condensation reaction to form a triglyceride?

A

The hydroxyl groups

18
Q

What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?

A

C3H5(OH)3

19
Q

How many molecules of water are formed from the condensation reaction to form a triglyceride?

A

3

20
Q

What does a hydrolysis reaction of a triglyceride produce?

A

A glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

21
Q

How are phospholipids formed?

A

A condensation reaction between a glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

22
Q

What kind of bonds are formed in phospholipids?

A

Ester bonds

23
Q

What property does the head of a phospholipid have?

A

It is hydrophillic and polar

24
Q

What property does the tail for a phosphlipid have?

A

It is hydrophobic and non-polar

25
Q

Explain the differences between phospholipids and triglycerides.

HINT: Three Fat Triggers, Two Fancy Phos

A

Three Fat Triggers:
Triglycerides have 3 fatty acids.
They also have 3 ester bonds.

Two Fancy Phos:
Phospholipids have 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group.
They form a hydrophilic head (thanks to the phosphate group).

26
Q

Draw a simplified version of a phospholipid

A

head + two tails

27
Q

Draw a phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic phosphate heads on the outside + hydrophobic fatty acid tails in the middle (hydrophobic core forms in the middle)

28
Q

Explain why membranes exist as bilayers

HINT: All Bears Hate Honey

A

A - Aqueous environments: Inside (cytoplasm) and outside (tissue fluid) the cell are watery environments.
B - Bilayer: A bilayer forms because a single layer wouldn’t work (it would repel water on one side).
H - Hydrophilic heads: The hydrophilic (water-loving) heads face outward toward the aqueous environments.
H - Hydrophobic tails: The hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails hide inward, away from the water.

29
Q

How does cholesterol sit in phospholipid bilayers?

A

With the hydroxyl group in contact with the Phosphate head

30
Q

What are sterols made up of?

A

Large alcohol molecules

31
Q

What happens to membrane fluidity, when cholesterol increases?

A

Decreases

32
Q

What happens to membrane fluidity, when cholesterol decreases?

A

Increases

33
Q

How can you test for the presence of lipids?

A

Add ethanol first and then the resulting mixture add to water and shake

34
Q

State two roles of cholesterol in living organisms

A

1) Increases stability of phospholipds in cell membrane
2) Waterproofing to skin

35
Q

Name two molecules that combine with cholesterol to form LDLs

A

1) Saturated fatty acids
2) Triglycerides/lipids

Biology Module 2, Chapter 3 - Biological Molecules (9 decks)

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