Genes + Protein Synthesis + TRanscription and Translation

Question 1

What is a gene?

Answer 1

Short section of DNA nucleotides –> code for a sequence of amino acids that form a polypeptide chain.

Question 2

What does the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide form?

Answer 2

Primary structure of a protein

Question 3

What do proteins have different numbers and orders of?

Answer 3

amino acids

Question 4

What determines the order of amino acids in a particular protein?

Answer 4

order of nucleotide bases

Question 5

What is each amino acid coded for by?

Answer 5

Three bases (triplet) in a gene

Question 6

Where are dna molecules found?

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

Where are ribsosomes found?

Answer 7

cytoplasm

Question 8

Why cannot dna leave the nucleus? How does it? What is this called?

Answer 8

too large. section is copied into mrna. This is known as translation.

Question 9

What does mrna do once dna has been copied into it?

Answer 9

Mrna leaves a nucleus and joins with a ribosome in the cytoplasm where it can be used to synthesize protein which is called translation

Question 10

What is RNA

Answer 10

RNA is a single polynucleotide Strand and it contains uracil as a base instead of thiamine

Question 11

What does uracil always pair up with during protein synthesis

Answer 11

uracil still always pairs with adenine

Question 12

What are the three types of RNA

Answer 12

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

Question 13

What is messenger RNA

Answer 13

Made in the nucleus
3 adjacent bases are called a codon
It carries a genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to decide where it is used to make a protein during translation

Question 14

What is transfer RNA

Answer 14

Found in the cytoplasm
It has a amino acid binding site that one and and they sequence of three bases at the other end called an anti-codone
It carries the amino acids that are used to make protein so the ribosomes during translation

Question 15

What is ribosomal RNA

Answer 15

Forms a two subunits in a ribosome along with proteins
The ribosome moves along the mrna Strand during protein synthesis the rrna in the ribosome helps the catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acid

Question 16

What is the genetic code

Answer 16

The genetic code is a sequence of Base triplet known as codons and are found in DNA or mrna which codes for specific amino acids

Question 17

What does it mean when the genetic code is non-overlapping

Answer 17

In the genetic code each based tripler is read in sequence separate from the triplet before and after it based triplets don’t share their basis which means that the code is non overlapping

Question 18

What does it mean when the genetic code is degenerate

Answer 18

The genetic code is also degenerate there are more possible combinations of triplets then there are amino acids there are 20 amino acids but 64 possible triplets this means that some amino acids occluded for by more than one triplet for example tyrosine can also be coded for by UAU or UAC.

Question 19

What are start and stop codons

Answer 19

Start and stop code on signal the beginning and end of the production of a protein they have found at the beginning and the end of gene

Question 20

What does it mean when the genetic code is universal

Answer 20

The genetic also universal which means that the same specific base triplets code for the same amino acids in all living things for example UAU coach for tyrosine in all organisms

Question 21

what is transcription

Answer 21

Transcription is where an mrna copy of a gene is made in the nucleus

Question 22

Describes the Nine Steps of transcription:

Answer 22

1. Transcription starts when RNA polymerase which is an enzyme attaches to the DNA double helix at the beginning of the gene
2. The hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands in June break which separates The Strand and the DNA molecule uncoils at this point
3. One of the strands is then uses the template strands to make an mrna copy
4. The RNA polymerase lines up free RNA nucleotides alongside the template Strand complementary base pairing means that the mrna Strand ends up being a complementary copy of the DNA template Strand except the base T is replaced by U in RNA
5. Once the RNA nucleotides have paired up with a specific basis on the DNA strands their joined together forming a mrna molecule
6. The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating the strands and assembling the mrna Strand
7. The hydrogen bonds between the uncoiled strands of DNA reform once the RNA polymerase has passed by and the strands clue back into a double helix
8. When RNA polymerase reaches a stock codon it stops making mrna and detaches from the DNA
9. The mrna moves out of the nucleus through a nuclear port and attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm where the next stage of protein synthesis can take place this next stage is translation

Question 23

What is translation

Answer 23

During translation amino acid to join together to make a polypeptide chain following the sequence of codons carried by the mrna

Question 24

Described the seven steps of translation:

Answer 24

1. The mrna attaches itself to a zone and transfer RNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome
2. A trna molecule with an anticode that’s complementary to the start code and the mrna attaches itself to the mrna by complementary based pairing
3. A second trna molecule attaches itself to the next code on the mrna in the same way
4. Ribososomal RNA in the ribosome catalyzes of formation of between the two amino acids attached to the trna molecules and this joins the immunosis together the first trna molecule moves away leaving its amino acid behind
5. A third trna molecule binds to the next codon on the mrna it’s amino acid binds to the first two and the second trna molecule moves away
6. This process continues producing their chain of linked amino acids which is known as a polypeptide train until there is a stop code on the mrna molecule
7. The polypeptide chain moves away from the ribosome and translation is complete