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HB > Lipids I + more > Flashcards

Lipids I + more Flashcards

1
Q
  1. True or false: Are lipids hydrophobic?
A

True

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2
Q
  1. What are functions of lipids?
A

energy sources and storage
hydrophobic anchors
signaling molecules
regulators
light absorbing pigments
electron carriers
enzyme cofators
waterproof and lubricating compounds
insulation (temperature)
cushioning

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3
Q
  1. The two functional groups in a fatty acid are?
    a. carboxyl group
    b. ester group
    c. aldehyde group
    d. methyl group
A

A,D

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4
Q
  1. What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon tail?
A

open chain conformation, no rings

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5
Q
  1. What have unsaturated fatty acids?
A

a. loosely connected
b. contains one or more C-C double or triple bonds
c. liquid conformation
d. none of the above

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6
Q
  1. What is causing the kink in fatty acid?
A

double or triple bond present between carbons

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7
Q
  1. What are essential fatty acids (definition) and what is one example?
A

fatty acids essential for biological processes but not synthesized by the human body
-omega 3 fatty acid (initial double bond on C3)
-omega 6 fatty acid (initial double bond on C6)

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8
Q
  1. What isomer form is the most natural form of fatty acids?

a. cis-confirmation
b. trans-confirmation
c. z-enantiomer
d. e-enantiomer

A

a. cis-confirmation

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9
Q
  1. What are Eicosanoids?
A

a specific kind of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
- signaling molecules

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10
Q
  1. What are the 3 major Eicosanoids and what processes do they regulate (one per candidate)?
A
  1. prostaglandins - associated with pain
  2. thromboxane - act in the formation of blood clots, reduces blood flow to site of clot
  3. leukotrienes - biological signals for mediators in acute and chronic inflammation
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11
Q
  1. What drugs affect the formation of PGs and TX by blocking which enzyme?
A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) to block cyclooxygenase (COX)

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12
Q
  1. What do glycerides consist of?
A

esters formed from
- glycerol (3 carbon alcohol)
- fatty acids (hydrophobic)

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13
Q
  1. What is glycerol?
A

an ester containing alcohol on C3 and carbohydrate

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14
Q
  1. What are triglycerols/trigyceride? What are they made of ?
A
  • a type of body fat found in the blood
  • composed of an ester from glycerol with 3 fatty acid chains
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15
Q
  1. What are simple and mixed triglycerides?
A

Simple - no double/ triple C-C bonds
Mixed - double/ triple C-C bonds

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16
Q
  1. What are phosphoglycerides made of and what are the features of these molecules (head – tail)?
A

2 fatty acids chains (tail)
glycerol unit (head)
phosphate group (head)

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17
Q
  1. What major function do phospholipids have (where do we find them in a cell)?
A

allows for passage of molecules and ions in and out of the cell
location: cell membrane

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18
Q
  1. What are 3 major phospholipid classes (determined by their head group)?
A

Choline
Ethanolamine
Inositol

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19
Q
  1. Phosphatidylcholine is found in what group of lipids?
A

Phospholipids > lecithin

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20
Q
  1. Which neurotransmitter is lecithin-based? (bonus which retinal cells express that neurotransmitter?)
A

acetylcholine
amacrine cells induce retinal function

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21
Q
  1. Sphingolipids consist of?
A

a set of open chain aliphatic amino alcohol and sphingosine (18-C amino acid + unsaturated hydrocarbon chain

22
Q
  1. Do Sphingolipids contain glycerol?
A

no glycerol

23
Q
  1. The two major classes of sphingolipids (SLs) are – in what do they differ?
A

phosphosphingolipids (PSL) and glycosphingolipids (GSL) , Phosphate vs. sugar

24
Q
  1. SLs are found predominantly what part of the cell and in which special structure?
A

dominantly located: cell membrane

25
Q
  1. What is a ceramide?
A

sphingosine + fatty acid = backbone of PSL and GSL

26
Q
  1. What role does GSLs have for the blood?
A

determines/ specifying blood type group

27
Q
  1. Phospholipids include which types (categories) of lipids?
A

always contains phosphate, but not always glycerol:
- phosphoglycerides
- phosphosphingolipids

28
Q
  1. What are steroid lipids made of (in their alcohol) form?
A

Sterol - steroid alcohol (contains -OH group on C-3 atom)

29
Q
  1. What is the steroid nucleus (of what does is consist) and what synonym names does this structure have?
A

4-ring core (gonane/ skeletal structure)
(3) cxyclohexane rings
(1) cyclopentane ring

30
Q
  1. What are two major functions of steroid lipids?
A
  1. components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity
  2. signaling molecules > steroid hormones
31
Q
  1. Which molecule is the precursor of steroids in animals including us?
A

cholestrol

32
Q
  1. Are sterols amphipathic and if so/or not - why?
A

yes, contains a polar head group and non-polar hydrocarbon tail

33
Q
  1. What function does cholesterol have in the membrane?
A
  • increases the order of lipid packing > lowers membrane permeability
  • bidirectional regulator of membrane fluidity
34
Q
  1. In which membrane structures is cholesterol predominantly found?
A

membrane bilayer

35
Q
  1. Which structures in the nervous system are cholesterol-rich? To which cell types do these structures belong?
A

myelin sheaths (CNS) and optic nerve (PNS)
both associated with glial cells

36
Q
  1. How do Eicosanoids influence cells - what are the 3 types of signaling cells ?
A

autocrine
paracrine
endocrine

37
Q
  1. Cholesterol is turned into which vitamin when your skin is exposed to the sun?
A

Vitamin D

38
Q
  1. Which hormones derive from cholesterol (5)?
A

progesterone
aldosterone
testosterone
cortisol
estradiol

39
Q
  1. What are corticosteroids, which are the two types called? Name an example.
A

steroid hormones produces in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates
- glucocorticoids
- mineralocorticoids

40
Q
  1. Which side effects can glucocorticoids have on the eye?
A

tunnel vision > glaucoma > cataracts

41
Q
  1. Which hormone (belonging to which class of steroid hormones) regulates ion transport in glands?
A

corticosteroids > mineralocorticoids (Na/K transport)

42
Q
  1. Which hormone is “the stress hormone”?
A

Cortisol

43
Q
  1. Isoprenoids (terpenoids) are building block of which 3 major compounds?
A

sex hormones
vitamin A
pigments

44
Q
  1. Which vitamin is essential for vision, and why?
A

Vitamin A is essential for vision, combines with protein opsin to form rhodopsin to help with rod function

45
Q
  1. What is the name of the chromophore found in photoreceptor cells? Where (in which molecule and location in the cell) is it found?
A

LRAT , located in RPE

46
Q
  1. Which two important pigments are found in the macula and what is their function?
A

lutein
zeaxanthin
both are associated with protection against AMD

47
Q
  1. Lipid metabolism incudes which processes (4)?
A

digestion -hydrolysis
absorption
transportation
storage
lovers don’t argue through sex

48
Q
  1. Lipids are degraded during which reaction catalyzed by which enzyme?
A

degradation: hydrolysis
catalysis: absorption

49
Q
  1. The primary two lipid types that are digested in our body are?
A

triglycerides
cholestrol

50
Q
  1. which sub group (name, kind) are triglycerides and cholesterol transported through the blood from the gut?
A

lipoproteins (chylomicrons)

51
Q
  1. Which kinds of lipoproteins exist that transport digested fats (5)? Which one is the “dangerous” one and why?
A

chlyomicrons
VLDL
IDL
LDL*
HDH
*LDL is dangerous due to high cholestrol levels

52
Q
  1. Out of which molecule (intermediate product) can fatty acids be generated – from which reaction is this molecule obtained?
A

generated by acetyl CoA which is a obtained from CAC

HB (7 decks)

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