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HB > Amino Acids + Proteins > Flashcards

Amino Acids + Proteins Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are essential amino acids?
A

the a.a. that is not produced by the body, gained from a nutritional diet

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2
Q
  1. How many amino acids be found in the genetic code (made by cells)?
A

100 a.a present but only 20 a.a are found in protein synthesis

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3
Q
  1. What are the 4 groups bound to the carbon a standard amino acid molecule has?
A
  • carboxyl group
  • amino group
  • R group
  • H group
    glycine is the only AA which doesn’t contain an alpha carbon
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4
Q
  1. What is a chiral carbon atom?
A

a carbon attached to 4 different sub groups

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5
Q
  1. What is an α-carbon atom?
A

attached to the carboxyl carbon, amino group, R and H group

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6
Q
  1. Which two stereoisomers of amino acids exist, and which is the predominate* form in proteins?
A

enantiomer and diastereomer
enantiomers represent AA which are building block of proteins. they are more predominate

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7
Q
  1. Why can amino acid (dissolved in water) act as base or acid?
A

due to the +1/-1 net charge from amino and carbonyl group respectively
zwitterion

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8
Q
  1. How does a peptide bond form?
A

A bond forms between the carboxyl C of 1st AA and amino N of 2nd AA.
-OH groups from carboxylic acid and H from NH2 is cleaved to form H2O as byproduct

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9
Q
  1. What is a tripeptide?
A

dipeptide + amino acid group

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10
Q
  1. What are two forms of amino acid interactions (out of 4)?
A
  • Hydrophilic interactions (h-bonds – intermol. Forces)
  • Hydrophobic interaction (intermol. Forces)
  • Ionic interactions (intermol. Forces)
  • Disulfide bond (intramol. Forces)
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11
Q
  1. What is the primary structure of a protein?
A

chain sequence of multiple groups of amino acids via peptide bond

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12
Q
  1. Which two types of secondary protein structures exist?
A

alpha helixes and beta sheets

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13
Q
  1. What is characteristic for an antiparallel β-sheet?
A

N-terminal and C-terminal run-in opposite directions
N-terminal is derived from the amio group (N-R) while the C-terminal is derived from carboxyl group (R-COOH)

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14
Q
  1. What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
A

A 3D structure of an entire polypeptide chain derived from primary and secondary structures

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15
Q
  1. What is an example of a protein in tertiary structure?
A

Rhodopsin

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16
Q
  1. What is quaternary structure of a protein?
A

A protein that consists of more than one amino acid chain

17
Q
  1. What is an example of a protein in quaternary structure?
A

Hemoglobin

18
Q
  1. Are fibrous proteins water soluble?
A

insoluble in water

19
Q
  1. Name three classes of fibrous proteins (out of 4).
A

Microfilament
Intermediate Filament
Class 3
Septin (most recent)

20
Q
  1. Which two fibrous proteins are found in the eye – and where?
A

collagen - cornea, sclera, iris
Keratin - cornea only

21
Q
  1. Are globular proteins soluble in water?
A

soluble in water

22
Q
  1. Name 4 functions of proteins in a cell with an example.
A

Structure – tissue and organ (cartilage, skin, bones and collagen)
Movement – Muscle, skin, bones
Transport – channels, pumps and carriers
Regulation/ Signaling – ligands bind to receptors

23
Q
  1. What is the definition of a ligand?
A

A molecule bound reversibly by a protein
Any other molecule including protein, atom or ion

24
Q
  1. What is the definition of a receptor?
A

chemical structure that receives and transduces signals to enable signaling

25
Q
  1. What is a G-protein coupled receptor?
A

largest family of transmembrane receptors, coupled with a G-protein (3 subunits) > GPCR binds to ligand > conformational change

26
Q
  1. What is an example for a G-protein coupled receptor found in rods?
A

Rhodopsin (tertiary structure)

27
Q
  1. What are antibodies?
A

Blood proteins produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen (part of an immune defense)

28
Q
  1. How many classes of antibodies exist and what is their designation?
A

IgG - monomer
IgA - dimer
IgD - monomer
IgE - monomer
IgM - pentamer (reacts first in exposure to foreign virus)

29
Q
  1. Which is the predominant antibody in humans?
A

IgG

30
Q
  1. Are all antibodies’ monomers?
A

False, IgA and IgM are dimers and monomers respectively

31
Q
  1. What are the names of the two chains an antibody consists of?
A

Heavy and light chains

32
Q
  1. What is a paratope?
A

the antigen binding site found on both chains

33
Q
  1. What is the Fc part of an antibody?
A

fragment crystallizable region > only found on the constant regions

34
Q
  1. Which cells produce antibodies?
A

B cells produce antibodies

HB (7 decks)

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