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HB > Carbohydrates II > Flashcards

Carbohydrates II Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which tissue requires a lot of energy and therefore has a very high glucose consumption?
A
  • Neural retina
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2
Q
  1. What outcome has an impaired glucose metabolism in rods?
A
  • retinal degeneration
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3
Q
  1. What are the 4 processes in glucose metabolism (cellular respiration)?
A

Glycolysis: glucose > pyruvate
- Pyruvate oxidation: pyruvate > acetylCoA
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation > ETC

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4
Q
  1. What is glycolysis and where does it take place in a cell?
A
  • The breakdown of glucose
  • cytosol
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5
Q
  1. Does glycolysis require oxygen?
A
  • Not a requirement, can happen as an aerobic or anaerobic process
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6
Q
  1. What is the input (needed) and output (products) of glycolysis?
A
  • Investment of 1 glucose molecule, 2 ATP and 2 NAD+
  • Output of 2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP and 2 NADH
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7
Q
  1. The cells of which organs regulate glycolysis?
A

Liver and skeletal muscle regulate glycolysis

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8
Q
  1. What are the start substrate and end product of the investment phase of glycolysis and which additional molecules are used or gained?
A

Start: glucose
molecules req: 2 ATP
End: 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate (GADP)

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9
Q
  1. What are the start substrate and end product of the pay-off phase of glycolysis and which additional molecules are used or gained?
A

Starting: 2 molecules of GADP
molecules req: 2 ATP, NAD+
End: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and net gain of 2 ATP

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10
Q
  1. In which four molecules can pyruvate be converted under aerobic or anaerobic conditions?
A
  • Aerobic
    i. Convert into acetyl CoA to undergo TCA cycle
  • Anerobic
    i. Lactic acid fermentation
    ii. Alcoholic fermentation (yeast)
    iii. Low glucose levels > gluconeogenesis
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11
Q
  1. What is gluconeogenesis (definition) and what is a synonym name for it?
A

The new synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, initiated by pyruvate
- Synonym: endogenous glucose production (EGP)

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12
Q
  1. Which product is generated in gluconeogenesis but not produced in glycolysis?
A

oxalacetate

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13
Q
  1. Which substrates can be utilized in gluconeogenesis?
A

Non-carbohydrate carbon substrates
i. Glucogenic amino acids (proteins, glycerol and odd chain fatty acids)
ii. Lactate

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14
Q
  1. Under which oxygen condition occurs lactate fermentation?
A
  • Anerobic (absence of oxygen)
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15
Q
  1. Which molecules are converted into the Cori Cycle and in which organs does it happen?
A

Anaerobic glycolysis produces lactate > transported into the liver to form glucose > returns to the muscle and goes through the cycle to produce lactate

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16
Q
  1. What is the second step in glucose metabolism?
A
  • Pyruvate oxidation utilizes the pyruvate and bring it into the mitochondrion for cycling to produce acetyl CoA
17
Q
  1. What is required (input) and what is generated (output) during pyruvate oxidation?
A

(1) molecule pyruvate molecule from glycolysis is used to generate (1) molecule of acetyl CoA

18
Q
  1. Acetyl CoA can be obtained from which biomolecule components?
A

Protein, carbohydrates, and lipid metabolism
i. oxidation of pyruvate from glycolysis
ii. Oxidation of long chain fatty acids
iii. Oxidative degradation of certain amino acids

19
Q
  1. Where in a cell takes pyruvate oxidation place?
A
  • Mitochondrion
20
Q
  1. What is the third event in glucose metabolism, where takes it place in a cell and what is the major purpose?
A
  • Citric acid cycle (TCA) occurs in the mitochondrion and the purpose is to generate energy (ATP)
21
Q
  1. What are the two start substrates in the citric acid cycle and what do they form?
A
  • Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA are initiators of the TCA cycle and forms Citrate
22
Q
  1. The neurotransmitter glutamate can be converted into which compound that is part of the TCA cycle?
A
  • Alpha-ketoglutarate which binds to a coenzyme A and the NAD+ gets reduced
23
Q
  1. What is the 4th event in glucose metabolism, which two parts does it contain, and where in a cell takes it place?
A

Oxidative phosphorylation (location: mitochondrion)
i. Electron transport chain
ii. Chemiosmosis

24
Q
  1. What is generated in that last event of glucose metabolism and by which enzyme?
A
  • High concentration of ATP via enzyme ATP synthase
25
Q
  1. What is an alternative pathway to glycolysis, and does it require or produce any energy?
A
  • Pentose phosphate pathway, no energy required or produced
26
Q
  1. Which molecules does the PPP generate?
A
  • Forms phosphate sugars and which make up DNA and RNA (ribose)
27
Q
  1. For which important 3 processes require rods NADPH?
A
  • Pentose phosphate pathway for lipid synthesis
  • Reduction of all-trans-retinal via retinol dehydrogenase (RDH8)
  • Antioxidant metabolism (glutathione)
28
Q
  1. What happens in glycogenesis (what is the definition of glycogenesis)?
A
  • Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen – glucose is added to a chain of glycogen for storage
29
Q
  1. Which enzyme functions as anchor for the initial molecule?
A
  • Glycogenin, (-in forms the initial short glycogen chains)
30
Q
  1. What is the name of the units that are added to the enzyme anchor?
A
  • (Uracil diphosphate) UDP-glucose molecules
31
Q
  1. What is the Warburg effect?
A
  • In the presence of oxygen, increased rate of glucose uptake and lactate
32
Q
  1. Which two enzymes are required to elongate and branch the glycogen molecule? (simple names)
A
  • Glycogen synthase
  • Glycogen branching enzyme (UDP-glucose phosphorylase)
33
Q
  1. In which organ does gluconeogenesis mainly happen and when does it happen (when is it needed) ?
A

occurs in the liver
provides glucose to the body when dietary intake is sufficient

HB (7 decks)

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