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HB > Carbohydrates I > Flashcards

Carbohydrates I Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which three kinds of atoms are found in a carbohydrate?
A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
* think of glucose and the only atoms invovled

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2
Q
  1. What is the main function (use) of carbohydrates in a cell/ our body?
A
  • Primary energy source for metabolic processes
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3
Q
  1. What are monosaccharides?
A
  • Simple single sugars (glucose)
  • Contains 3-9 carbon atoms
  • The specific carbohydrate is identified by the type of carbonyl group
    o Aldehyde > aldose
    o Ketone > ketose
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4
Q
  1. What are D-glucose and L-glucose and what is the natural form?
A
  • D-glucose: -OH group is positioned right side *most natural form
  • L-glucose: -OH group is positioned left side
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5
Q
  1. What is the pyranose form of a sugar?
A
  • when the hydroxyl group of C5 reacts with the aldehyde at C1
    o think Penta =5 and pyranose starts with P
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6
Q
  1. Is the dominating form of D-glucose the open-chain form or the furanose form?
A
  • The dominant form of D-glucose is the pyranose form (99% of glucose is found this way)
  • But out of the 2, furanose would be most dominant
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7
Q
  1. What kind of sugar is lactose?
A
  • Lactose is a sucrose which falls under disaccharide (where 2 monosaccharides around bound together by an oxygen atom (glycosidic bond), byproduct formed is H2O
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8
Q
  1. What is an anomer?
A
  • The variation of cyclic sugars based on the position of the hydroxyl group
    o Face down -OH = alpha glucose
    o Face up -OH = beta glucose
     A comes before B and down comes before up in the alphabet
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9
Q
  1. What kind of covalent bond is formed between two sugar molecules?
A
  • Glycosidic bond and linkages will bind two carbohydrates together
    o Typically, a hydroxyl group of one carbohydrate binds with the hydrogen of another carbohydrate typically forms a H2O byproduct but the sugars are linked by oxygen
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10
Q
  1. Which of the 4 major biomolecules contains a ribose, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group?
A
  • Nucleic acids, they are comprised of nucleotides which contain all 3 subunits mentioned
    i. However, nucleosides are missing the phosphate group
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11
Q
  1. In which important molecule do we find a ribose with the nitrogenous base adenine and 3 phosphate groups attached?
A
  • ATP because of the triphosphate attachment
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12
Q
  1. What kind of sugar is glycogen?
A
  • Polysaccharide
    i. Composed of alpha 1-4 glucose linkages and alpha 1-6 branches to obtain the >10 monosaccharide binding
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13
Q
  1. What is an example for a disaccharide?
A
  • Lactose, maltose, sucrose
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14
Q
  1. What is starch and the two components it consists of?
A
  • Polysaccharide (polymeric carbohydrate) consists of various glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds
  • Linear and helical amylose along with branched amylopectin
  • Most common carbohydrate in the human diet
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15
Q
  1. What is the major function of glycogen?
A
  • Is a function of energy storage in the form of carbohydrates and is easily mobile for needs of glucose
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16
Q
  1. Where in the body is glycogen primarily stored?
A
  • Mainly: Liver and skeletal muscle
  • Small amounts: kidney, RBC, WBC, glial and brain
17
Q
  1. What are glycosaminoglycans? Can you give one example of a GAG?
A
  • Long linear polysaccharides consist of repeated disaccharide units essential for signal inducing
  • Keratin sulfate in the Cornea for the purpose of maintaining corneal hydration
18
Q
  1. What is a proteoglycan made of?
A
  • Core protein chain with one or more GAGs attached via covalent bond
19
Q
  1. Which proteoglycan is important in neural development and also contributes to glia scar formation – hence preventing axonal growth (regeneration)?
A
  • Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs)
20
Q
  1. Which proteoglycan is the major PG in the cornea?
A
  • Keratin Sulfate Glycans
21
Q
  1. What are glycoproteins?
A

A class of proteins that has oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently bound to the polypeptide chain

22
Q
  1. What is a form of glycosylation resulting in creating a membrane anchor?
A
  • Glypiation – glycolipid attached to the C terminus of a polypeptide
23
Q
  1. Which are 2 examples for glycoproteins and where in a cell or in the body are they found
A

Mucin - respiratory/ digestive tract
T-cell receptors - T- lymphocytes
Immunoglobulins - all over body
Glycoprotein IIA/IIB - platelets

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