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Biol 2700 > Lipids And Membranes 2 > Flashcards

Lipids And Membranes 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Recall that we learnt that lipids are non polar and don’t dissolve in water if they have more then 6C, meaning 7C or above are unsoluable in water. So what are the three structures that lipids or glycerophospholipids make in the water solution?

A

They can form three structures
1-micelle
2-bilayer
3- vesicle/liposome cell

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2
Q

Compare and contrast between the three forms.

A

MICELLE. BILAYER. VESCICLES
Shape of individual unit Wedge shaped. Cylindrical with two FA tails. Cylindrical with two FA tails
Size of cross section. CS of head > side chain. =. =

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3
Q

Draw the glycerophospholipids with the different heads

A
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4
Q

We will now talk about a brief history of glycerophospholipids. Which category do you think glycerophospholipids fall under

A

Phospholipase

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5
Q

Diving deep into the structure of glycerophospholipids , how many parts does this lipid consists pf ?

A

4
2 FA chain -A1 and A2
A phosphate group- C
A small head- D

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6
Q

Explain how phospholipases play a role in the body

A

Phosphotidylinositol 4,5 bisohosphate ——> diacylglycerol + 145 inositol triphosphate
Both are secondary messenger- regulate enzyme activity
Arachidonic acid , is a omega 6 Fatty acid, released by A2- precursor to thromboxanes,, prostaglandins, leukoteriens -inflammation, fever, pain , repro

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7
Q

Draw the phophotidylinositol 4 5 bisohosphate , diacylglycerol, inositol 1 4 5 triphosphate

A
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8
Q

Sphingolipid are derived from

A

Sphingosine

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9
Q

Draw the structure of sphingosin

A
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10
Q

Recall recently , we talked about the function of phospholipase, compare the functions of both membrane lipid

A

BOTH PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MEMBRANES
Glycerophospholipids
Phosphate group acts as a ligand
Regulate fever, inflammation, pain and reproduction

Sphingolipid
Imp to mem of plants and animals
Brain and PNS

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11
Q

How many parts does sphingolipids have ?

A

3
Sphingosine
Fatty acid
Head group

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12
Q

Describe the bonds between the 3 parts?

A

Sphingosine —amide bond— fatty acid = ceramide
Sphingosine attached to head group by Oxygen/ester bond

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13
Q

Draw the general structure of sphingolipid

A
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14
Q

What are the three classes of ceramide. And what is the difference between these 3 types?

A

Only the head molecule differs
Sphingomyelin
Glycosphingolipids
Gangliosides

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15
Q

Draw the sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine

A
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16
Q

Compare between sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine

A

Similarities
No charge
Both have phosphate and choline
Phosphodiester bond

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17
Q

Differences btw sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine

A
  • sphingomyelin has an amine group
    -sphingomyelin has an amide bond instead of ester bond
  • sm has only 2 alcohol groups
    -sm has an embedded hydrocarbon chain (part of sphingosine)
  • sm has only 1 Fatty acid tail attached by amide bond
  • sm has a trans double bond in the embedded hydrocarbon chain
    PHOSPHOTIDYLCHOLINE
    -pc has no amine group
    -pc has ester bonds
    -pc has 3OH groups
    -pc doesnt have an embedded hc chain but has the phosphate as a part of glycerol
    -pc has two FA tails
    -pc doesn’t have any double bond embedded in the general structure, there may or may not be double bond in the fa tails
    -the fa tails differ for both
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18
Q

What head does a Glycosphingolipids has?

A

Sugar head molecule and neutral

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19
Q

What are the two types of Glycosphingolipids?

A

1- cerebrosides - the head molecule is made of only one sugar unit
2- globosides-the head molecule has more then 1 sugar unit

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20
Q

Functions of Glycosphingolipids

A

On the surface of PM - cell cell recognition
On the surface of RBC - ANTIGENS - determines the blood group

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21
Q

What head molecule does a ganglioside have ?

A

It is complex
- charge
Head molecule - oligosacharide (similar to Glycosphingolipids)

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22
Q

What is the ovligosacharide in ganglioside made of ?

A

Residues of N acetylneuraminic acid and a sialic acid at the termini

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23
Q

Compare and contrast between Glycosphingolipids and ganglioside

A

Both have sugar units as head molecules
Glyco has no charge
Gang has - charge and is complex

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24
Q

Compare and contrast between sphingomyelin and Glycosphingolipids

A

Both have no charge
Sp have a choline head molecule and phosphate attached through a phosphodiester bond
Glyco and gang have glycosidic bonds and sugar units as head molecules

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25
Q

Earlier we discussed the functions of Glycosphingolipids, what is the function of ganglioside

A

It is negatively charged - limit transport through plasma membrane
May help in ion movement by transmembrane potential
(Same can be applied to other negatively charged groups )
Sialic acid is found on surface of resp cells and may help protect against resp viruses

26
Q

Name the main components in our body that is made of lipids

A

Vitamins
Coenzymes
Steroids

27
Q

Name the 3 types of vitamins

A

Vit D3
Vit E
Vit K

28
Q

Vit D3 aLso know as..

A

Cholecalciferol

29
Q

How are Vit D3 formed

A

Formed by skin by uV induced photochemical rxns on 7- dehydrocholestrol

30
Q

Functions and deficiency.

A

Regulate the ca level in kidneys, intestines and bones
Ca needed for exocytosis, muscle contraction and bones formation

Can cause rickets - week bones

31
Q

Vit E are also called..

A

They are a closely related family of lipids called tocopherols
They are compounds with substituted aromatic rings and isprenoid chains

32
Q

Functions and deficiencies

A

Acts as biological antioxidants - the oxygen radicals on aromatic rings prevents non enzymatic oxidation of lipids as this changes the structure of lipids.

Deff causes sterility and muscle weakness

33
Q

Vit k

A

They are closely related family of lipids with different unsaturated chains attached to napthoquinone

34
Q

Function and deff of vk

A

Acts as co factor for blood clotting
Deff- causes the inability to form prothrombin, a precursor required for blood clotting

35
Q

What are the two types of co enzymes

A

1- ubiquinone or coenzyme Q
2-plastoquinone

36
Q

Ubiquinone and plastoquinone

A

U is an e carrier
Two carbonyl grouos get oxidizes giving e to complex 3 and 2
They are hydrophobic therefore can travel through membrane
P- hydrophobic and can transport through membrane

37
Q

Why are there a variety of rhodopsin

A

So that we can cover the range of light energies
B- Wavelength max =440
G- Wmax = 530
Y- Wmax = 570

38
Q

Rhodopsin subunit

A

1 alpha
1 beta

39
Q

What are the two types of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer

A

1- peripheral
2- integral

40
Q

What are the three types pf integral membrane proteins?

A

Transverse membrane - single alpha helix
Transverse membrane -4,12 a helixes
8-16 B strands form a giant B barrel(porins)

41
Q

Why can some molecules go past the phospholipid bilayer membrane and some cant ?

A

Non polar readily dissolve in bilayer- hydrophobic
Small can easily pass

And if water and o2 required energy to pass, they are fundamental and we need a lot of them and would need lot of biomolecules and energy to let them pass.

42
Q

Examples of molecules that can pass

A

O2, ch4,h2o, n2

43
Q

Which cant pass the membrane?

A

Charged and small
Uncharge and large eg glucose

44
Q

How can the molecules go inside the cell , if they cant directly pass through the membrane?

A

Pump- AT
Carries/channel proteins-PT

Carrier proteinstypes
1- uniteansport - transport 1 type of molecule in one direction
2-co transport- transport of 2 molecules
Symport - in same direction
Antiport- different direction

45
Q

What type of transport is FACILITATED TRANSPORT

A

Passive trnsport

46
Q

Describe facilitated transport

A

The molecules use the carriers/channel/permease/transporter proteins
To move from high concentration to low concentration gradient untill eq reached
Moving dow the gradient lowers activation energy
Therfeore no atp/energy req

47
Q

What are the examples of facilitated transportation

A

Glucose permeate
Chloride bicarbonate

48
Q

About glucose permease

A

Transports glucose
From outside to inside only
12 a helixes and multi span protein
50000 faster then simple diffusion

49
Q

Describe how one molecule of glucose can transport into the cell

A

Through glucose permease in RBC
One glucose molecule binds to the transporter
Changes conformation
Opens inside
Release
Release changes conformation back to normal

50
Q

Explain chloride bicarbonate facilitated diffusion.

A

So these are on RBC
Co2 enters repiring tissues, co2( less soluble in blood) —-> hco2- (more soluble)
Hco2- leaves the cell, and 1 cl- comes in to maintain membrane potential
The hco2 enters the lungs, cl- leaves the lungs, converted to co2

51
Q

What is active transport and what are the two types?

A

The movement of ions up the concentration gradient
Primry active transport
Secondary active transport

52
Q

What is primary active transport

A

The transport is directly coupled by an exergonic reaction eg ATP—>ADp

53
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

An ionic gradient is set by active transport , the ion going down the conc grad , providing energy to transport another molecule against its conc grad

54
Q

Give an example of primary transport

A

Na k ATPas

55
Q

Gove example of secondary transport

A

Glucose transport into the epithelial cells
Lactose uptake in ecoli

56
Q

Explain how Na+ k+ Atpase pump works

A

High conc of Na inside
High conc of K outside
Atpase pumps 3Na outside
Pumps 2k into the cell
Causing a transmembrane gradient, + outside
Cotransport , antitransport

57
Q

Explain the glucose intake in epithelial cells

A

Ionic gradient of na + made using the atpase pump. Na moves out of the cell (low to high affinity)
Gradient of glucose by uniport, glucose goes out of the cell , (high to low)
The na moves down it con gradient
Provides energy to co transport (symport) glucose againt its conc gradient

58
Q

Lactose uptake in e coli

A

H+ pump pumps h+ outside the cell (fuel turned to co2)
H+ comes in via latose transporter (down conc gradient) provides energy and moves lactose into the celll (against conc gradient)

59
Q

What are ion channels or voltage gatted channels?

A

Any channels that open or close due to the rapid change in transmembrane gradient caused by stimulus

60
Q

Function of atpase

A

Mainstanins the cells resting membrane potential
Help build gradoent for the transportation of other molecules

61
Q

Function of ion channels

A

Signal excitation
Transport of signals along the neurons
Muscle contraction

62
Q

Describe how ion channel works?

A

K+ wither hydrating water molecules
Water filled vestibule causes hydration of k+
Backbone carbonyl oxygen form cage that fits k+ precisely
Helix dipole stabilizes k+
Alternating k+ sites occupied

Biol 2700 (8 decks)

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