Lipids and Fat Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

What signaling molecule causes the gall bladder to secrete bile acid?

Answer 1

Cholecystokinin

Question 2

What signaling molecule causes the pancreas to secrete lipase?

Answer 2

Secretin

Question 3

What molecule cuts cholesterol esters?

Answer 3

Cholesterol esterase

Question 4

What protein cuts phospholipids into lysophospholipids and fatty acids?

Answer 4

Phospholipase A2

Question 5

What must be added to a nascent chylomicron to become mature?

Answer 5

ApoCII

Question 6

If a fat carrying molecule has an Apo-B100 on its surface, where did it come from?

Answer 6

Liver (VLDL)

Question 7

If a fat carrying molecule has an Apo-B48 on the surface, where did it come from?

Answer 7

Intestine (Chylomicron)

Question 8

What process causes the B-apoprotein to be different in chylomicrons and VLDL’s?

Answer 8

RNA editing (NOT splicing)

Question 9

What molecule activates lipoprotein lipase?

Answer 9

ApoCII

Question 10

Where does the fat in a VLDL come from?

Answer 10

Fatty acid synthesis in liver

Question 11

What is the biologically active form of vitamin A?

Answer 11

All trans retinol

Question 12

Where does vitamin A come from in the diet?

Answer 12

Red, yellow, orange fruits and veggies

Question 13

Where is vitamin A stored?

Answer 13

Stellate cells in the liver

Question 14

What is vitamin A important for?

Answer 14

vision

Question 15

WhWhat does retinoid acid do for the immune system?

Answer 15

Causes apoptosis of cancer cells
Recruits antibody secreting cells to SI
Matures dendritic cells
Differentiates goblet cells and halts keratinization of epithelium

Question 16

What vitamin A derivatives are powerful antioxidants?

Answer 16

Carotenes

Question 17

What does vitamin A deficiency result in?

Answer 17

Eye problems
Alopecia
Keratinization
Retarded growth, anorexia

Question 18

What does hypervitaminosis A look like?

Answer 18

Nausea, vomiting
Blurred vision, headache
Desquamation of skin, alopecia
Liver damage
Teratogen at HIGH doses

Question 19

Where does Vitamin E come from in the diet?

Answer 19

Plant oils

Question 20

What is the role of vitamin E?

Answer 20

Stabilizes free radicals and singlet oxygen (antioxidant)

Question 21

What molecule can regenerate oxidized Vitamin E?

Answer 21

Vitamin C

Question 22

What absorption is inhibited by vitamin E?

Answer 22

Vitamin K

Question 23

What does vitamin E deficiency result in?

Answer 23

Myopathy
Hemolytic anemia
Peripheral neuropathy
Ataxia, loss of vibratory sense

Question 24

What are the three consumable forms of vitamin K?

Answer 24

Phylloquinone - leafy vegetables
Menaquinone - Fermentation (cheese)
Menadione - animal feed

Question 25

What is the enzyme that uses vitamin K as a cofactor?

Answer 25

gamma-Glutamyl carboxylase

Question 26

What does gamma-glutamyl carboxylase do?

Answer 26

Carboxylates side chains on clotting proteins, activating them

Question 27

What clotting factors are activated by vitamin K?

Answer 27

Factors VIIa, IX, X and prothrombin

Question 28

What does warfarin inhibit?

Answer 28

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

Question 29

What does vitamin K deficiency look like?

Answer 29

Increased bleeding

Question 30

Where is Vitamin D in the diet?

Answer 30

Animal origin

Question 31

Describe pathway of vitamin D activation

Answer 31

Starts as 7-dehydrocholesterol Photo ring breakage in skin (cholecalciferol) 25 hydroxylation in liver (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) 1 hydroxylation in kidney (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) Active!

Question 32

What is the main circulating vitamin D?

Answer 32

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

Question 33

What does VDRE do?

Answer 33

``` Increases TRPV6 (luminal Ca transporter) Increases Ca ATPase (Basolateral Ca transporter) Increases calbindin (intracellular Ca transporter) Decreases Claudin (decreases tight jxn strength) ```

Question 34

What does Vitamin D deficiency look like?

Answer 34

Rickets (seizures, failure of bone mineralization)

Question 35

What does vitamin D toxicity look like?

Answer 35

Calcification of tissue, hyperphosphatemia, hypertension