Carbohydrate and Protein

Question 1

What makes up lactose?

Answer 1

Glucose and galactose

Question 2

What makes up sucrose?

Answer 2

Fructose and glucose

Question 3

What makes up amylose?

Answer 3

Many glucose, bound alpha 1,4

Question 4

What makes up amylopectin?

Answer 4

Many glucose, bound alpha 1,6 and 1,4

Question 5

What is trehalose? What does it come from?

Answer 5

Disaccharide glucose with alpha 1,1 linkage

Comes from mushrooms or insects

Question 6

What does amylase turn starch into?

Answer 6

Maltose, isomaltose
Maltotriose
Alpha-dextrins

Question 7

What cleavages does amylase make?

Answer 7

Alpha 1,4 bonds

Question 8

What are the four disaccharidases of the brush border?

Answer 8

Glucoamylase (maltase)
Sucrase/isomaltase
Trehalase
Beta-glycosidase

Question 9

What is the function of Glucoamylase/maltase?

Answer 9

Cleaves a-1,4 bonds of maltose to two glucose

Cuts non-reducing ends of starch

Question 10

Where is glucoamylase activity highest?

Answer 10

Ileum

Question 11

What is isomaltase’s role?

Answer 11

Cuts a1,6 bond of isomaltose

Question 12

What does sucrase do?

Answer 12

Cuts sucrose into glucose and fructose

Question 13

Where is isomaltase/sucrase activity highest?

Answer 13

Jejunem

Question 14

Where is activity of B-glycosidase highest?

Answer 14

Jejunem

Question 15

What are the two domains of B-glycosidase?

Answer 15

Glucosyl ceramide domain: Cuts glucose and galactose from glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide
Lactase domain: splits 1,4 bond of lactose to make galactose and glucose

Question 16

What inherited disease results from defect in intracellular beta glycosidase?

Answer 16

Gaucher’s disease

Question 17

What is used to transport carbohydrates from the lumen into the intestinal epithelial cells when food is in the gut?

Answer 17

Passive diffusion, goes down concentration gradient

Question 18

What is used to transport carbohydrates from lumen of the gut into the intestinal epithelial cells when no food is present in the gut?

Answer 18

Na+ - Glucose cotransporters

Question 19

What is produced by bacteria to help colonocytes?

Answer 19

Short chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate)

Question 20

What causes diarrhea with lactose intolerance?

Answer 20

Bacteria ferment lactose to lactic acid, water enters lumen to balance proton concentration increase

Question 21

What activates pepsinogen?

Answer 21

Acid

Question 22

What activates trypsinogen?

Answer 22

Enteropeptidase

Question 23

What activates chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, and procarboxypeptidase?

Answer 23

Trypsin

Question 24

What two amino acids are substrates for trypsin peptidase?

Answer 24

Arginine or lysine

Question 25

What is PLP used for?

Answer 25

Transaminations, deaminations, and carbon chain transfers

Question 26

What does a deficiency in PLP look like?

Answer 26

Seizures Diarrhea Anemia EEG abnormalities

Question 27

What is FH4 used for?

Answer 27

Single carbon transfers

Question 28

What does a deficiency in FH4 look like?

Answer 28

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 29

What is BH4 used for?

Answer 29

Ring hydroxylations (cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase)

Question 30

What does a BH4 deficiency look like?

Answer 30

Seizures, developmental delays

Question 31

What effect does an increase in AMP have on mTORC1?

Answer 31

Inhibits it

Question 32

What is the role of mTORC1?

Answer 32

Activator of protein translation