Lipids

Question 1

lipid

Answer 1

Substances that are soluble in oil at room temperature, insoluble in water
Lots of carbons and hydrogens
Not many hydroxyl groups (unlike carbohydrates)
Long chain fatty acid

Question 2

Fatty acid

Answer 2

Long C chain (even #Cs) w/ Hs and carboxylic acid on one end
Fatty part is insoluble in water- nonpolar characteristic
Polar acid group on end- doesn’t change solubility much

Question 3

Saturated fats

Answer 3

If ALL hydrogens are present in fatty acid
Found more in animal fats
packed together tightly–> solid form

Question 4

Unsaturated fats

Answer 4

Double bonds C=C, not all H present in fatty acid
Found in plant material
Double bonds creates a kink in the chain→ causes them to stay in liquid form at room temperature
Healthier in diets than saturated fats

Question 5

Terpenes (citronellol)

Answer 5

soluble in oil, not soluble in water
Precursor to pigments in biology
Chlorophyll is made by terpenes together

Question 6

Steroids

Answer 6

Characterized by having this arrangement of ring structures (3 6-membered rings, 1 5-membered ring)
Needed to circulate in blood/cells
OH- partially soluble in water
Used as a precursor for steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogen) which all have that ring structure and no OH

Question 7

Prostaglandins

Answer 7

Modified fatty acid (folded in half)
Long chain alcohol- can also have a long carbon chain with carboxylic acid on end
Useful in biological systems- b/c causes smooth muscle contraction
Ex. initiate labor contractions in uterus; blood vessels contraction

Question 8

waxes/ester

Answer 8

Dehydration reaction between a long chain fatty acid and a long chain alcohol
fatty acid + alcohol→ ester

Question 9

Fats–> triglyceride

Answer 9

Soluble in oil and not water (non charged)
Glycerol = 3 carbon molecule w/ 3 OH, 5H
triglyceride= 3 esterified fatty acids onto glycerol

Question 10

partial hydrogenation

Answer 10

ex. PB skippy- uses partial hydrogenation to saturate some of the double bonds in the unsaturated oil that is part of the peanut butter. By saturating these double bonds, it prevents the oil from separating, thus forming a solid

Question 11

cis/trans hydrogenation

Answer 11

Cis: Hydrogens on the C-C double bond are on the same side
Trans: Hydrogens on the C-C double bond are on different sides

Question 12

phospholipid

Answer 12

head- choline, phosphate, glycerol
Phosphate ionizes–> charged fat (not neutral)
Phosphate heads (with charge) are polar, and thus soluble in water
Fatty acid tails (without charge) are non-polar and they hydrophobic
amphipathic- polar and nonpolar
used to create cell membrane

Question 13

amphipathic molecules

Answer 13

two sympathies (polar and non-polar)

Question 14

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 14

Water on the inside and outside
Heads on each side of the phospholipid bilayer prevent the tails interacting with the water environment
Tails create the inside of a membrane that water cannot pass through (beacausebecause they’re hydrophobic)
This membrane is known as a vesicle

Question 15

Micelle

Answer 15

Only have phospholipids with one tail, they form a circle rather than a membrane

Question 16

stored fats ($ model)

Answer 16

Circulating glucose molecules: “ready cash” in your pocket. Convert glucose molecules into energy almost instantaneously
Storage forms of carbohydrates (i.e. glycogen): “checks”. You can still spend them, but it takes an extra step or two.
Fats: Savings account. Take an extra amount of converted into energy