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Bio Fall > Genetics Intro > Flashcards

Genetics Intro Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genotype

A
  • type of genes you have
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2
Q

Phenotype

A
  • result of the expression of those genes
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3
Q

Blood Types

A
  1. Type A- could have 2 copies of genes that code for A, AA or AO (A dominant)
  2. Type B- BB or BO
  3. Type AB- AB only, expresses both A and B
  4. Type O- OO (homogenous recessive)
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4
Q

blood markers

A
  • there are markers on red blood cells for A and B
  • no markers for O
  • for AB, codominant, have both markers
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5
Q

RH Factor

A
  • negative and positive in blood type
  • Codes for an enzyme that adds to another marker on cells
  • If you have gene for enzyme that has RH factor–> then considered RH positive
  • makes a difference in blood transfusions
  • 2 alleles (+ and -)
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6
Q

Rhogam

A
  • substance that is injected into mothers before birth if they have -RH factor and baby is +RH
  • during birth, antibodies can cross barrier (cells will not)–> this attacks blood cells of baby
  • Rhogam blocks antibodies
  • if antibodies are not blocked–> Creates RH disease–> presence of immature red blood cells in fetus (eyrthroblastosis- still have a nucleus), can cause baby to die
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7
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A
  • Change in amino acid makes a big difference in protein
  • Glutamic acid (charged) is switched to valine (not charged) in position 6 from N terminus
  • Causes hemoglobin to stick together in a funny way
  • causes sickle cell shape–> sticky, get stuck in capillaries, cause pain in joints/organs
  • Heterozygous- don’t have symptoms, but if two have child who is homozygous
  • 2b = normal
  • 1b 1s = asymptomatic, have the trait, resist malaria
  • 2s = have the disease
    positive selection–> African American population has a higher concentration of sickle cell allele (resist malaria)
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8
Q

hydroxy urea

A
  • drug helps alleviate sickle cell disease
  • During embryonic development, people can express fetal hemoglobin gene (F gene)- think it has a higher oxygen affinity (works better in fetal condition)
  • this gene is turned off in adult and only hemoglobin A is expressed
  • IN SICKLE CELL- patients have defective hemoglobin S that causes sickle cell–> drug can induce hemoglobin F (but there are side effects)
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9
Q

Karyotype

A
  • chromosomal analysis
  • Can digitally arrange all chromosomes
  • See if you have right numbers and sizes
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10
Q

Genetics

A
  • Involved in passing genetic information from one generation to the next
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11
Q

heterochromia

A
  • 2 different colored eyes
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12
Q

the homunculus

A
  • People thought there were tiny babies in sperm
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13
Q

Plant parts

A
  • flowers with both male and female parts
  • pistil (middle part)- have female parts, egg is in the bottom of it
  • stamen- male part
  • Pollen is distributed to other things (animals)
  • sexual reproduction- When pollen flies through air and into stigma–> goes down to egg
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14
Q

Mendel

A
  • Controlled which flower was fertilized by which stamen (pollen)
  • Studied 7 different traits: flower color, seed color, seed shape, pod color, pod shape, flower position, plant height
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15
Q

genetic protocol (Mendel)

A
  • Parent 1 and parent 2
  • F1= Cross parents and get offspring (1st filial generation)
  • Self cross F1- mate w/ self, F2 = 2nd filial generation
  • in F1, get dominant and same phenotype
  • when you self cross in F2 ratio of traits that are dominant to recessive is 3:1
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16
Q

carrier

A
  • individuals that are heterozygous and showing dominant phenotype
  • also have the “trait” for something
17
Q

autosomes

A
  • regular chromosomes (not sex chromosomes)
18
Q

albinism

A
  • autosomal recessive
  • don’t make normal pigment
  • eye red, no pigment so see blood color
  • sometimes have vision problems
  • Leucistic- have pigment in eyes, lack pigment in other areas
19
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • dominant neurodegenerative disease
  • age 44, start experiencing shaking, chorea= a dance
  • Huntington’s is rare, and rate is not increasing
20
Q

Frequency of a dominant allele

A
  • has nothing to do with it being dominant
  • Depends on whether it has been selected for or not
  • ex. Huntington’s is dominant but rare
21
Q

test cross

A
  • used to reveal the unknown genotype of an individual
  • ex. if you don’t know if smooth is heterozygous or homozygous dominant
  • cross with homozygous recessive
  • -> if all dominant offspring–> know was homozygous dominant
  • -> if 1:1 ratio–> know was heterozygous dominant
22
Q

dihybrid cross

A
  • Each of these genes is sorting independently–> not affecting distribution of the other
  • ratio is 9:3:3:1
23
Q

dihybrid test cross

A
  • cross with homozygous recessive for both genes

- get ratio 1:1:1:1

24
Q

Mendel’s laws

A
  1. Mendel’s 1st law = law of segregation- recessive gene exists separately from the dominant gene and reexpress in later generations
  2. Mendel’s 2nd law = law of independent assortment- 2 different genes distribute themselves independently (9:3:3:1 ratio)
25
Q

Phenotypes/genotypes expected in offspring from a cross showing independent assortment

A

n = number of gene pairs being followed

Monohybrid cross:
2^n = 2^1 = 2

Dihybrid cross:
      Phenotypes
	2^n = 2^2 = 4
      Genotypes
      	3^n = 3^2 = 9

Trihybrid cross:
Phenotypes
2^n = 2^3 = 8
3^n = 3^3 = 27

26
Q

ratios to memorize

A
  • Monohybrid cross 3:1
  • Monohybrid test cross 1:1
  • Dihybrid cross 9:3:3:1
  • Dihybrid test cross 1:1:1:1

Bio Fall (21 decks)

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