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biology > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are Lipids properties

A
  • Large biomolecules
  • Formed from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphorus
  • Largely non-polar (mostly C-H and C-C bonds)
  • Largely insoluble in water
  • Soluble in non-polar solvents (e.g. hexane)
  • Lipids are not polymers
  • Hydrophobic interactions cause lipids to group together in water
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2
Q

give examples of lipids

A
  • Fats
  • Oil
  • Waxes
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
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3
Q

what is the structure of lipids?

A

Two different subunits make a triglyceride (a type of lipid):

  • Glycerol forms the backbone and has 3 side attachment sites for fatty acids
  • 3 fatty acid side chains attach to the glycerol backbone to form a triglyceride
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4
Q

Formation of Triglycerides

A

• Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)

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5
Q

Triglyceride Digestion

A
  • Triglycerides can be broken down by hydrolysis
  • Digestion of triglycerides requires intestinal enzyme lipase and water
  • Fatty acids are more easily absorbed and transported

glyceral,monoglyceride, diglyceride, fatty acids

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6
Q

what are the two classes of Fatty Acids

A
  • Triglycerides are composed from a large variety of fatty acids added to glycerol
  • Two classes of fatty acids form triglycerides:
  • Saturated with single C-C bonds
  • Unsaturated with numbers of double C=C bonds
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7
Q

give an example of a saturated fatty acid (SFA)

A

palmitate

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8
Q

give an example of • Unsaturated Fatty Acid (UFA)

A

Oleate

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9
Q

what are FFAs

give exaples of fats that cant be produced by the body.

A
  • When not part of a triglyceride: free fatty acids (FFAs)
  • Some FFAs are essential
  • Cannot be synthesised in the body
  • Omega-3 (-3) fatty acids (e.g. α-linolenic acid)
  • Omega-6 (-6) fatty acids (e.g linoleic acid)
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10
Q

Dietary Fatty Acids
describe
SFAs and UFAs

A
  • SFAs form compact, closely packed triglycerides, solid at room temperature
  • UFAs form loosely packed triglycerides, liquid at room temperature
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11
Q

Steroids are lipids:

describe the structure and compounds involved in creating it

A
  • Basic structure is four fused carbon rings with various side groups attached
  • Lanosterol is the building block for other steroids
  • Lanosterol is formed by the cyclization of squalene
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12
Q

give an examples of steroids

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Sex hormones
  • Corticosteroids (produced in adrenal cortex)
  • Vitamin D
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13
Q

examples of sex hormones

A
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Testosterone
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14
Q

where are Corticosteroids found and give an example of this?

A

• Corticosteroids (produced in adrenal cortex)
 Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
 Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

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15
Q

whats the real name of vitamin D? give an example

A

• Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) – a secosteroid

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16
Q

what is a Phospholipids

A

• Some lipids have a phosphate group (PO42-) bonded to the glycerol in place of a fatty acid

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17
Q

what are the properties of phosphate group on phospholipids

A
  • Polar
  • Soluble in water (hydrophilic)
  • Head
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18
Q

what are the properties of fatty acid groups on phospholipids

A
  • Non-polar
  • Insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
  • Tail
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19
Q

describe the structure of Phosphatidylcholine

A

choline is attached to phosphate group on a phospholipid

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20
Q

what happens to phospholids in water?

A

form
Micelle(heads outside tails inside )creating sphere

liposome(same as the first one but hole in the middles)
bilayer sheet(layer of phospholipids- only heads are exposed )
21
Q

what does the cell membrane consist of?

A 
protein channels
globular proteins 
cholesterol
glycolipid
peripherial protein
glycoprotein
intergral protein
filaments of cytoskeleton 
surface proteins
Alpha-helix protein
phospholipids
22
Q

what are Glycolipids

A
  • Lipid attached to an oligosaccharide
  • Forms part of cell membrane and glycocalyx
  • Determines ABO blood group
23
Q

what are Lipoproteins

A

• Soluble complexes that transport lipids and are usually synthesized in the liver

24
Q

in lipoproteins ,Spherical particles with central hydrophobic core are:

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Esterified cholesterol (cholesteryl ester)
  • Small amounts of other lipids and fat soluble vitamins
25
Q

In Lipoproteins, External hydrophilic layer:

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol (OH functional group outermost)
  • Apoproteins - stabilise structure and regulate enzymatic activity at the lipoprotein
26
Q

what does the Chylomicrons do?

A

carry dietary fat to the liver

27
Q

where are VLDL produced, composed of what, function is?

A

• VLDL produced in liver from synthesised TGs & CE (cholesterylester)and carry fat to tissues

28
Q

what remove TGs

A

TGs gradually removed from circulating VLDL which becomes IDL then LDL

29
Q

what is LDL and HDL?

A
  • LDL is cholesterol rich (“bad cholesterol” leading to atheroma)
  • HDL carries cholesterol to the liver (“good cholesterol” reducing atheroma
30
Q

Atheroma and thrombosis

A

build up of cholesterol within the walls of the arteries which can lead to blood clot .

31
Q

Lipoprotein Profile: list the density of lipoproteins asending order

A

HDL
LDL
TGs
total cholesterol

32
Q

why are lipids high in energy and why is it a good energy storage

A

• Triglycerides and fatty acids have energy-rich C-H bonds available for chemical reactions within cells

  • Triglycerides are largely nonpolar and relatively compact
  • Stored as droplets in the cytoplasm of adipocyte cells in adipose tissue
33
Q

whats white adipose tissue ?

A
  • White adipose tissue cushions internal organs and acts as a shock absorber
  • White adipose tissue gives insulation, protecting internal organs from temperature swings and reducing skin heat loss
34
Q

whats brown adipose tissue

A

Brown adipose tissue is useful for generating body heat (brown adipocytes contain more numerous fat vacuoles and mitochondria)

35
Q

whats the effects of Excess Adipose Tissue

A
  • Atheroma, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, stenosis and aneurysms
  • Exerts undue pressure on organs
  • Sequestration of lipophilic substances
36
Q

what is myelin formed from?

A

Phospholipids form the myelin insulation around nerve fibres

37
Q

whats the importance of myelin

A

• Myelin increases speed of nervous impulses

38
Q

what cells produce myelin and where does it produce it?

A
  • Schwann cells produce myelin peripherally

* Oligodendrocytes produce myelin centrally

39
Q

what are vitamins made of?

A
  • Vitamins A D E K

* Fat soluble and some are lipid/steroid derived

40
Q 
list examples of vitamin:
A
D
E
K
A
  • Vitamin A – retinol/retinoic acid/carotenoids
  • Vitamin D – cholecalciferol and derivatives
  • Vitamin E – tocopherol (antioxidant) found in oils
  • Vitamin K – phylloquinone and menaquinone
41
Q

what are Steroidal hormones and • Eicosanoids derived from ?

A
  • Steroidal hormones derived from cholesterol

* Eicosanoids – derived from -3 and -6 fatty acids

42
Q

give exampples of hormones

A
  • Prostaglandins (inflammation and uterine contraction)
  • Prostacyclins (vasodilators)
  • Leukotrienes (asthma and allergy)
43
Q

how does the lipids in your body help reduce Moisture loss

A

Lipid layers can inhibit evaporation of water
Skin moisture loss reduced by lipid layers
Lipid tear film reduces moisture loss from the corneal surface of the eye

44
Q

describe the location of where white adipose tissue is found

A

In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow). Retroperitoneal

45
Q

describe the location of where brown adipose tissue is found

A

brown fat makes up about 5% of the body mass and is located on the back, along the upper half of the spine and toward the shoulders. along the middle of the chest area too

46
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

has a nucleus in the middle and there is 3 protruding parts of the cell that make coil.

47
Q

Schwann cells (PNS)

A

a circular cell which coils around axon

48
Q

describe how the epithelial cell reduces water loss (describe the basic composition of lipid tear film in the eye)

A

lipid layer
water layer
mucin layer (epithelial cell )

49
Q

whats the difference between cis and trans lipids?

give examples

A

The difference between cis and trans is that the two H atoms are on the same side of the double bond (cis), compared to being on opposite sides (trans).
cis :oleate,α-linolenic acid

biology (25 decks)

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