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Science for Medicine KR > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What do lipids exist as in adipose tissue?

A

lipid droplets

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2
Q

What do lipids exist as in blood?

A

lipoproteins

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3
Q

What is the structure of fatty acids?

A

Hydrophobic hydrocarbon ‘tail’ and hydrophilic terminal carboxyl group

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4
Q

What is the name of the lipid class that gives rise to blood group antigens?

A

glycolipids (consitituent of membranes)

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5
Q

What makes a fatty acid unsaturated?

A

has one or more double bonds that kink the hydrocarbon chain, liquid

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6
Q

What are examples of essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic and alpha linolenic acid

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7
Q

What are good fatty acids?

A

high in polyunsaturated fatty acids

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8
Q

What are bad fatty acids?

A

high in saturated fatty acids

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9
Q

What are really bad fats?

A

trans fatty acids resulting from hydrogenation of vegetable oils

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10
Q

What is linoleic acid a substrate for?

A

prostaglandins and arachidonic acid which is a precursor of eicosanoids (signalling molecule)

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11
Q

What is linolenic acid a substrate for?

A

omega 3 fatty acids

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12
Q

What do omega 3 fatty acids do?

A

lower plasma cholesterol preventing atherosclerosis and lowers TAG preventing obesity

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13
Q

What are triacylglycerols?

A

esters of fatty acids and glycerol which are uncharged and water insoluble therefore form droplets

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14
Q

What do TAGs do?

A

dietary fuel and insulation

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15
Q

What are phospholipids composed of?

A

2 fatty acids and glycerol and a phosphate group

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16
Q

What does ‘amphipathic’ mean?

A

Has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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17
Q

What is the main dietary lipid?

A

TAG

18
Q

Where is the main site of lipid digestion?

A

small intestine

19
Q

What enzymes digest lipids?

A

lipases

20
Q

What is lipid digestion promoted by?

A

emulsiification by bile salts and peristalsis

21
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

act as biological detergents to form emulsions and mixed micelles
are derivatives of cholesterol
saves lipids coalescing in an aqueous environment

22
Q

How do we digest TAG?

A

degraded in small intestine by pancreatic lipase to monoacylglycerol and 2 fatty acids as is too big to be taken up by mucosal cells in intestinal villi

23
Q

What are cholesterol esters digested to?

A

cholesterol and free fatty acid

24
Q

What are phospholipids hydrolysed to?

A

FA and lysophospholipid

25
Q

How are digested lipids absorbed?

A

products form mixed micelles with bile salts

mixed micelles approach brush border membranes of enterocytes and release lipid products which enter cells by diffusion

26
Q

What FAs don’t need micelles for absorption?

A

short and medium chain FAs

27
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

excess fat in faeces due to lipid malabsorption

28
Q

What patients are prone to developing steatorrhea?

A

cystic fibrosis affected patients

29
Q

What are 2 possibilities of the utilisation of dietary lipids after fatty acids are absorbed?

A

intestinal cells resynthesises TAG, phospholipid, cholesterol ester for export
or are packaged into chylomicrons to make them soluble and released into lymph by exocytosis and then into blood

30
Q

What does lipoprotein lipase do?

A

hydrolyses TAG in chylomicrons to FA and glycerol

31
Q

Where is lipoprotein lipase mainly found?

A

in capillaries of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

32
Q

Where do chylomicron remnants go?

A

liver

33
Q

What is glycerol in the liver used to do?

A

produce glycerol-3-phosphate which can be used in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

34
Q

How are FAs released from stored TAG in tissues?

A

Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

35
Q

What is HSL activated by?

A

phosphorylation in response to epinephrine

36
Q

How are free FAs transported in the blood?

A

lipoproteins

in complex with serum albumin

37
Q

What do chylomicrons carry and from where to where?

A

TAG

intestine to tissues

38
Q

VLDL carry and to where?

A

TAG

liver to tissue

39
Q

LDL

A

cholesterol

to tissues

40
Q

HDL

A

cholesterol

tissue to liver for elimination

Science for Medicine KR (37 decks)

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