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BIOCH 320 > lipids-2 > Flashcards

lipids-2 Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of enzymes are phospholipases

A

hydrolases

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2
Q

what do type-A phospholipases do +(what cleave and what is left)

A

cleaves acyl groups yielding fatty acid + alcohol

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3
Q

where does phospholipase A1 cleave

A

C-1 (cleaves between ether and carbonyl near R1)

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4
Q

where does phospholipase A2 cleave

A

C-2 (cleaves between ether and carbonyl near R2)

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5
Q

where does phospholipase C cleave

A

between glycerol and phosphate (phosphate group at C3)

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6
Q

where does phospholipase D cleave

A

between phosphate and polar head group (phosphate group at C3)

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7
Q

what do you get when you cleave a phospholipid with phospholipase C

A

diacylglycerol + phosphate head group structure

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8
Q

what do you get when you cleave a phospholipid with phospholipase D

A

phosphatidate + polar head group

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9
Q

what do you get when you cleave a phospholipid with phospholipase A2

A

R2 fatty acid and a lysophospholipid

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10
Q

does R1 or R2 have a more saturated carbon chain in glycerophospholipids

A

R1

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11
Q

does R1 or R2 have a more unsaturated carbon chain in glycerophospholipids

A

R2

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12
Q

is R1 usually more saturated or unsaturated in glycerophospholipids

A

saturated

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13
Q

is R2 usually more saturated or unsaturated in glycerophospholipids

A

unsaturated

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14
Q

what do you get when you cleave a phospholipid with phospholipase A1

A

R1 fatty acid and a lysophospholipid

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15
Q

which phospholipase would yield an unsaturated phospholipid from the membrane

A

phospholipase A2

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16
Q

which phospholipase would yield a saturated phospholipid from the membrane

A

phospholipase A1

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17
Q

what is the backbone in spingolipids

A

sphingosine

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18
Q

what is a sphingosine backbone (where does it come from)

A

non-glyceride synthesized from a serine and palmitate

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19
Q

is there a phosphate in the intrinsic sphingosine backbone

A

no

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20
Q

what is a ceramide (What composes it)

A

sphingosine attached to a fatty via an amide bond

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21
Q

how is the sphingosine attached to the fatty ac id

A

an amide bond

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22
Q

what determines the class of sphingolipid

A

the polar head group

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23
Q

what is the fatty acid residue like in ceramides

A

usually saturated

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24
Q

what head group does sphingomyelin share with another glycerophospholipid

A

Phosphatidylcholine

25
Q

is sphingosine polar or non polar

A

it contains both a polar and non polar region

26
Q

what does the polar region of sphingosine resemble

A

glycerol but includes an amino group

27
Q

where is the variable polar group attached to in sphingolipids

A

C1

28
Q

what is the variable polar group in sphingomyelin

A

phosphocoline or phosohoethanolamine

29
Q

what is the variable polar group in cerebrosides

A

monosaccharide (glucose or galactose)

30
Q

what is the variable polar group in globosides

A

neutral olligosaccharide structure (2 or more sugars)

31
Q

what is the variable polar group in gangliosides + charge

A

oligosaccharides including at least one sialic acid (-)

32
Q

which versions of sphingolipids are glycolipids

A

cerebrosides, globosides, gangliosides

33
Q

does sphingocine have an instrinsic charge

A

no

34
Q

does gangliosides have an net charge

A

yes -

35
Q

does globosides have an net charge

A

no

36
Q

how is the neutral monosaccharide attached to the sphingosine

A

glycosidic bond

37
Q

what kind of charge is associated to sialic acid residues

A

-1

38
Q

where are galactolipids/ sulfolipids commonly found

A

in plant cells “chloroplast inner membrane)

39
Q

what is special about galactolipids/ sulfolipids

A

they do not require phosphate

40
Q

what can the charge be on sulfonates

A

they may carry a negative charge

41
Q

are all glycolipids galactolipids

A

no

42
Q

are all galactolipids glycolipids

A

yes

43
Q

what is the structure of galactolipids like (2 things)

A

1 or 2 galactose units ar C3, acyl chains at C1 C2

44
Q

what are the acyl chains of galactolipids derived from

A

inoleic acid

45
Q

what are 3 special structures that chaaracterize archae membrane lipids

A
  • phospholipids
  • ether-linked
  • branched isoprenoid chains
46
Q

what is special about a lot of archae

A

extremophiles (heat acid salt)

47
Q

what is special about the ether linkages in archae membrane lipids

A

they are more resistant to hydrolysis in the presence of heat/low pH

48
Q

what kind of linkages are in archae membrane lipids

A

ether

49
Q

what kind of lipid is an archae membrane lipids

A

phospholipid

50
Q

what kind of chains are in archae membrane lipids

A

branched isoprenoid

51
Q

what is significant for using isoprenoid chains with archae

A

its more rigid so it has more resistance to degradation

52
Q

what are sterols

A

rigid membrane lipids with fused ring systemd

53
Q

what is the common sterol in humans

A

cholesterol

54
Q

what is the length of sterols like

A

equivalent to a 16:0 fatty acyl group

55
Q

what would be a sphingosine with a phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine

A

sphingomyelin

56
Q

what would be a sphingosine with a monosaccharide (glucose or galactose)

A

cerebrosides

57
Q

what would be a sphingosine with a neutral oligosaccharide structure (2 or more sugars)

A

globosides

58
Q

what would be a sphingosine with an oligosaccharide with at least one sialic acid

A

ganglioside

59
Q

why can some compounds be classified as either lipid or lipid-associated

A

because of their overall hydrophobicity

BIOCH 320 (16 decks)

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