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BIOCH 320 > carbohydrates part 2 > Flashcards

carbohydrates part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name of the bond that forms two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond

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2
Q

what is a glycosidic bond

A

bond that joins carbohydrates

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3
Q

which is the reducing sugar

A

the one with a hemiacetal/hemiketal

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4
Q

which is the non-reducing sugar

A

the one with no hemiacetal/hemiketal

all anomeric carbons are in the glycosidic bond

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5
Q

do reducing or non-reducing sugars have all anomeric carbons in their glycosidic bonds

A

non-reducing

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6
Q

do reducing or non-reducing sugars have a hemiacetal/hemiketal sugar

A

reducing

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7
Q

what happens when the anomeric carbon reacts with another alcohol group

A

it produces a full acetal or ketal

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8
Q

how do you produce a full ketal or acetal

A

the anomeric carbon reacts with another alcohol group

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9
Q

what bond connects the bases in the nucleic acids to the associated

A

N-glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

what do O-glycosidic bonds connect

A

anomeric carbons to alcohols

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11
Q

what bonds connect anomeric carbons to alcohols

A

O-glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

what are glycans (1 word, another name for it)

A

polysacchardies

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13
Q

what are 3 things that made polysaccharides distinct from eachother

A
  • the monosaccharide units
  • atoms involved in glycosidic bonds
  • configuration of anomeric carbons
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14
Q

how do you form a disaccharide

A

you combine 2 monosaccharides

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15
Q

is the formation of a disaccharide anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

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16
Q

is the formation of a disaccharide anabolic

A

yes

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17
Q

is the formation of a disaccharide catabolic

A

no

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18
Q

what 2 things form an O-glycosidic bond

A

hydroxyl group from one saccharide + anomeric carbon of the other

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19
Q

is fructose a ketose or an aldose

A

ketose (ketone at C2)

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20
Q

which 2 monosaccharides are in lactose

A

galactose and glucose

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21
Q

which 2 monosaccharides are in sucrose

A

fructose and glucose

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22
Q

which end does naming of the disaccharide start at

A

name at the non-reducing end

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23
Q

do you start naming the disaccharide at the reducing end

A

no

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24
Q

do you start naming the disaccharide at the non-reducing end

A

yes

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25
Q

how do you know if the disaccharide is in α or β configuration

A

name at the anomeric carbon of the linkage from monosaccharide 1 to 2

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26
Q

do you name monosaccharide 1 or 2 first

A

monosaccharide 1

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27
Q

how do you name monosaccharide 1

A

you say if its pyranose or furanose with ending “-osyl”

so pyranosyl or furanosyl

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28
Q

which suffix do you give to monosaccharide 1 to the pyranose or furanose word

A

-osyl

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29
Q

do you name the anomeric or hydroxyl monosaccharide first

A

anomeric

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30
Q

do you name the hydroxyl or anomeric monosaccharide first

A

anomeric

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31
Q

how do you name monosaccharide 2

A

with pyranose or furanose (no suffix)

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32
Q

what suffix do you use for reducing sugars

A

-ose

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33
Q

what suffix do you use for nonreducing sugars

A

-oside

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34
Q

which sugar do you use -ose suffix for

A

reducing

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35
Q

which sugar do you use -oside suffix for

A

non-reducing

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36
Q

what are the 5 steps of naming disaccharides

A
  • name α or β
  • name 1 with -osyl
  • name the two joined with arror (anomeic–>hydroxyl)
  • name 1
  • suffix -ose (red) or oside (non-red)
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37
Q

which sugar is gal

A

galactose

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38
Q

which sugar is glc

A

glucose

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39
Q

which sugar is man

A

mannose

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40
Q

which sugar is rib

A

ribose

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41
Q

which sugar is xyl

A

xylose

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42
Q

what is the abbreviation for galactose

A

gal

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43
Q

what is the abbreviation for glucose

A

glc

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44
Q

what is the abbreviation for mannose

A

man

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45
Q

what is the abbreviation for ribose

A

rib

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46
Q

what is the abbreviation for xylose

A

xyl

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47
Q

what does it mean if the monosaccharide abbreviation starts with an N

A

its an amino derivative

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48
Q

how do you show that its an amino derivative with monosaccharide abbreviation

A

start with an N

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49
Q

is galactose a pyranose or furanose

A

pyranose

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50
Q

is glucose a pyranose or furanose

A

pyranose

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51
Q

is glucose a pyranose or furanose

A

pyranose

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52
Q

is fructose a pyranose or furanose

A

furanose

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53
Q

what is the ending of naming the fructofuranose if its a non reducing sugar

A

fructofuranoside

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54
Q

would the sugar be reducing or non-reducing if the glycosidic bond contains both the anomeric carbons

A

it will be non reducing (so no hemi-acetal)

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55
Q

does Glc(β1–>6)Glc contain an acetal

A

yes (reducing sugar so not double headed arrow)

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56
Q

is Glc(β1–>6)Glc reducing

A

yes

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57
Q

is Glc(β1–>6)Glc non reducing

A

no

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58
Q

can Glc(β1–>6)Glc undergo mutarotation

59
Q

which end of the disaccharide can do mutarotation

A

the reducing end

60
Q

is Glc(β1–>6)Glc an isomer of sucrose

A

yes (just switch with fructose but same formula)

61
Q

how many monosaccharides in a polysaccharide

A

more than 20

62
Q

what are homopolysaccharides

A

when there is only 1 type of monosaccharide

63
Q

what are heteripolysaccharides

A

two or more types of polysaccharides

64
Q

what are 3 ways that polysaccharide structures can vary

A
  • (un)branched
  • diff glycosidic linkages
  • length
65
Q

do homopolysaccharides have defined molecular weights

66
Q

what determines the structures adopted by homopolysaccharides

A

the monosaccharide units and nature of glycosidic linkages

67
Q

what do homopolysaccharides try to maximize

A

hydrogen bonding

68
Q

what do homopolysaccharides try to minimize

A

steric interactions

69
Q

do homopolysaccharides associate with water or exclude

A

can be either

70
Q

what do homopolysaccharides do to H bonding

A

try to maximize

71
Q

what do homopolysaccharides do to steric interactions

A

try to minimize

72
Q

what do homopolysaccharides do to water

A

either associate or exclude

73
Q

what are 2 types of homopolysaccharides that are structural components

A

cellulose and chitin

74
Q

what is cellulose

A

plant structural components

75
Q

what is chitin

A

structural components in insects

76
Q

whata are 2 storage forms for fuel that are homopolysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

77
Q

what is starch

A

storage for fuel in plants

78
Q

what is glycogen

A

storage for fuel in animals

79
Q

is cellulose linear

80
Q

is chitin linear

81
Q

is starch linear

82
Q

is glycogen linear

83
Q

what are the monomers in cellulose

84
Q

what kind of glycosidic bond in cellulose

A

beta1–>4

85
Q

is the glucose in cellulose D or L

86
Q

how many units long can cellulose be

A

up to 15 000 units long

87
Q

is cellulose flexible or rigid

88
Q

is cellulose soluble

89
Q

in cellulose which is the reducing end and which is the non reducing end

A

left is non reducing end right is reducing

90
Q

is cellulose reducing or non reducing

91
Q

what is the structure or cellulose like (like angles and how they connect) (3)

A

linear, extended, 180 degree rotation between sequential monosaccharides

92
Q

do H bonds form in cellulose

93
Q

where does H bonds form in cellulose

A

between units in a chain and between adjacent chains

94
Q

how does cellulose chains align

A

side-by-side to form extensive inter-molecular interactions

95
Q

does cellulose have intermolecular interactions

96
Q

can animals digest cellulose and why

A

no because we have no enzymes to catabolize beta1–>4 linkages

97
Q

what is cellulase and who has it

A

breaks down cellulose, found in fungi and termite symbiotes

98
Q

what is the monosaccharide in chitin

A

N-Acetylglucosamine

99
Q

what is the structure or chitin (like branched or what)

A

linear unbranched

100
Q

what kind of glycosidic linkages in chitin

A

Beta1–>4

101
Q

is chitin reducin

102
Q

what does chitin do (like what is the role of it)

A

hard exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, crustaceans)

103
Q

what is cool about chitin

A

it has a hierarchical aspect to its macroscopic structures

104
Q

where is starch and glycogen stored

A

as granules inside cells

105
Q

what is starch made from

A

two polysaccharides

  • amylose
  • amylopectin
106
Q

what is amylose

A

unbranched homopolysaccharide

107
Q

what is amylopectin

A

branched homopolysaccharide

108
Q

is amylose reducing or non reducing

109
Q

what is the structure or amylose (like branched or what)

A

linear and unbranched

110
Q

what kind of glucose (D or L) is in amylose

111
Q

how long / how many units is the range of amylose

A

50 - 5000 units long

112
Q

what kind of glycosidic bond does amylose have

113
Q

what is the structure or amylopectin (like branched or what)

A

highly-branched homopolysaccharide

114
Q

what kind of glycosidic bond does amylopectin have

A

mostly α1–>4 then α1–>6 every 24-30 residues

115
Q

how many monosaccharide units can be in amylopectin

116
Q

is amylopectin reducing

117
Q

how many reducing ends in amylopectin

118
Q

how many non reducing ends in amylopectin

119
Q

what causes the formation of 1 new reducing end in amylopectin

A

when there is another new branch (α 1–>6)

120
Q

which end of starch does breakdown/ synthesis

A

the non-reducing ends

121
Q

how does amylose and amylopectin form together to make start

A

they wind around eachother in the same molecule in double helices
also amylopectin branches wind together in double helices

122
Q

how many catalysis sites of starch are there

123
Q

what is unique about the structure of amylose and amylopectin

A

they are helical

124
Q

does amylose and amylopectin associate with water

A

yes they are extensively hydrated

125
Q

how many monosaccharides per turn in amylose and amylopectin

126
Q

does cellulose have a helical structure

127
Q

is amylose single or double helix

A

it can be both

128
Q

if amylopectin has 35 branch points, how many reducing ends are there?

129
Q

if amylopectin has 35 branch points, how many nonreducing ends are there?

130
Q

what is the structure or glycogen (like branched or what)

A

highly-branched homopolysaccharide

131
Q

what is the homopolysaccharide in glycogen

132
Q

what kinds of linkages happen in glycogen

A

primarily α1–>4 with some α1–>6 every 8-14 residues

133
Q

how does starch and glycogen contrast when it comes to linkages

A

glycogen has the α1–>6 every 8-14 residues instead of every 24-30 with amylopectin

134
Q

how many monosaccharide units can form one molecule of glycogen

135
Q

do branch points occur more or less frequently in glycogen than amylopectin

A

more frequently

136
Q

what is glycogenin

A

a protein found at the center of glycogen

137
Q

what is the role of glycogen

A

protein that covalently attaches to the reducing end via a glycosidic linkage

138
Q

where do the non reducing end(s) reside in glycogen and why

A

near the surface so they are available for use (like for consumption)

139
Q

where do the reducing end(s) reside in glycogen and why

A

in the centre, bonded to glycogenin

140
Q

is glycogen or glucose more reactive and why

A

glucose
glycogen only has 1 reducing end (attached to protein) and multiple non reducing ends
(glucose has aldehyde, things become covalently modified)

141
Q

how do you compare the concentrations of glycogen vs glucose

A

glycogen has a lower concentration

142
Q

what does o.o1uM of glycogen equate to in glucose

143
Q

what does 0.4M of glucose equate to in glycogen

144
Q

what does glycogen do to the osmotic effect of glucose and how

A

decreases because it is relatively insoluble so it doesnt create significant osmotic draw

BIOCH 320 (16 decks)

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