Lipids Flashcards
These are biomolecules that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water.
Lipids
Lipids are defined on the on the basis of _____________
Physical property
This is a sweetener used in sugar-free mints and gum.
Sorbitol
The common lipids in:
Vegetable oils
Egg yolk
Leafy greens
Triacylglycerols
Cholesterol
Vitamin E
β- carotene is the orange pigment in carrots, and the precursor of vitamin __
Vitamin A
This is a hydrocarbons, often strong-smelling protect the plants that produce them by deterring parasites.
Terpenes
A type of organic compound that contains a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings joined to one another.
Steroid
A human sex hormone
Estradiol
Estradiol is essential for the ________________ and ________________ of female reproductive tissues, but it also has important effects in many other tissues including bone.
development and maintenance
Lipids can be categorized as?
Hydrolyzable lipids and Nonhydrolyzable lipids
Hydrolyzable lipids are derived from ___________.
Fatty acids
This cannot be cleaved into
smaller molecules by aqueous hydrolysis.
Nonhydrolyzable lipids
______________ fatty acids have no double bonds in their long hydrocarbon chains.
Saturated
______________ fatty acids have 1 or more double bonds (generally cis) in their long hydrocarbon chains
Unsaturated
As the number of double bonds in the fatty acid ____________, the melting point decreases.
Increases
_____ and ________ acids are essential fatty acids; they cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed.
Linoleic and linolenic
______ are esters formed from a fatty acid and a high molecular weight alcohol.
Waxes
Waxes are hydrophobic because of their ______________
long nonpolar C chains
Contains three esters formed from glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids.
Triacyglycerols
It is simple triacylglycerols because it have ____________ fatty acid side chains
3 identical
Triacylglycerols that have two or three different fatty acids
Mixed
Triacylglycerols have many C=C bonds.
Polyunsaturated
Triacylglycerols have 1 C=C bond.
Monounsaturated
Fats have _______ melting points
higher
Oils have _____ melting points
lower
Used to build cell membranes, insulate
the body, and store energy for later use.
Fats
It is recommended that no more than ______ of a person’s caloric intake should come from lipids.
20 - 35%
Saturated fats stimulate cholesterol synthesis, which can lead to _____________ building up inside arteries.
cholesterol plaques
These are primarily synthesized instead of naturally occurring, act like saturated fats and increase the cholesterol levels in the blood.
Trans fats
Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed with water in the
presence of _____________ (in the body).
acid, base, or enzymes
The number of adipose cells is _______; weight gained or lost causes them to SWELL OR SHRINK, but not decrease or increase in number
constant
To metabolize triacylglycerols for energy, the
esters are hydrolyzed by enzymes called ________
lipases
Soaps are __________ of fatty acids prepared by basic hydrolysis (saponification) of a triacylglycerol
metal salts
True or False
The polar tails dissolve grease and oil and
the nonpolar head makes it soluble in water.
False
Exp: NONPOLAR tails dissolve grease and oil
POLAR head make it soluble in water
All soaps work similarly but have different properties depending on the ________________________
lipid source, length of C chain, and degree of unsaturation
True or False
Two common types of phospholipids are sphingomyelins and phosphoacyglycerols
True
True or False
Phosphoacylglycerols are the secondary component of most cell membrane
False
Exp: They are the MAIN component
What are the main types of phosphoacylglycerols?
Cephalin
Lecithin
____________ do not contain a glycerol backbone, they have a sphingosine backbone
instead
Sphingomyelins
The coating that surrounds nerve cells, is rich in sphingomyelins.
Myelin sheath
The major component of cell membranes, contain a hydrophilic polar head and two hydrophobic nonpolar tails.
Phospholipids
__________ and _____________ molecules are embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane.
Protein and cholesterol
____________ proteins are embedded within the membrane and extend outward on one side only.
Peripheral
Larger polar molecules need_____________ to cross efficiently.
facilitated transport
The most prominent steroid, is synthesized in the liver and found in almost all body tissues.
Cholesterols
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol from the liver to the tissues. This also deposits cholesterol on the walls of arteries
Low-density
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver. This also reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood stream
High-density
__________ regulates blood pressure and volume by controlling the concentration of Na+ and K+ in body fluids.
Aldosterone
____________ are organic compounds required in small quantities for normal metabolism and must be obtained from the diet.
Vitamins
What vitamin that is found in liver, fish, dairy products and is made from β-carotene?
Vitamin A
It is needed for vision and for healthy mucous
membranes.
This vitamin can be synthesized from cholesterol
Vitamin D
It can be obtained in the diet from many
foods, especially milk, and helps regulate Ca and K metabolism
A vitamin that is an antioxidant, protecting unsaturated side chains in fatty acids from unwanted oxidation
Vitamin E
Deficiency of vitamin E causes numerous
neurological problems
A kind of vitamin that regulates the synthesis of clotting proteins (prothrombin), and deficiency of this leads to excessive or fatal bleeding.
Vitamin K
Two types of Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
True or False
Leukotrienes are carboxylic acids that contain
a five-membered ring and have a wide range of
biological activities.
Prostaglandins
True or False
Prostaglandins are molecules that contribute to the asthmatic response by constricting smooth
muscle of the lung
Leukotrienes
