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bio module 2 > lipids > Flashcards

lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

elements in lipids?

A

C H & O

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2
Q

what are fats?

A

solid lipids at room temp

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3
Q

what are oils?

A

liquid lipids at room temp

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4
Q

are lipids polar?

A

no - electrons in outer orbitals that form bonds are more evenly distributed than in polar molecules

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5
Q

why are lipids non-polar?

A

electrons in outer orbitals that form bonds are more distributed than in polar molecules

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6
Q

“lipid” definition

A

large complex macromolecules built from repeating units made of C H & O

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7
Q

“macromolecule” definition

A

large complex molecules made form repeating units

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8
Q

triglyceride structure

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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9
Q

what group is glycerol?

A

alcohols

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10
Q

what group are fatty acids?

A

carboxylic acids

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11
Q

what are fatty acids made of?

A

carboxyl group + hydrocarbon chain

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12
Q

what reaction is the formation of triglyceride?

A

condensation reaction: esterification

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13
Q

what bonds between glycerol & fatty acids are formed and how?

A

ester bonds ; hydroxyl groups on both react removing water (1H from glycerol + OH from fatty acids)

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14
Q

triglyceride general formula?

A

CH2 O CH2 (CH2)n CH3

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15
Q

“saturated” meaning

A

no double bonds between carbons bc all carbons form max bonds with hydrogen

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16
Q

“unsaturated” meaning

A

double bonds present between some carbon atoms bc not all have max hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

“monounsaturated” definition

A

only one double bond present between carbon atoms

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18
Q

“polyunsaturated” definition

A

2+ double bonds between carbon atoms

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19
Q

why are oils liquid at room temp?

A
  • double bonds = molecule kinks and bends
  • can’t pack close together
  • liquid rather than solid = oils not fats
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20
Q

triglycerides in plants?

A

unsaturated + healthier for human diet than saturated

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21
Q

what can excess saturated fat in diet lead to?

A

CHD / obesity = strain on heart

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22
Q

elements in phospholipids?

A

C H O & P

23
Q

“phospholipids” definition

A

modified triglycerides containing C H O & P

24
Q

where are phosphate ions found?

A

cytoplasm of every cell

25
Q

phosphate ions characteristics?

A

PO4 3-

have extra electrons = neg charge = soluble in water

26
Q

phosphate ion charge?

A

PO4 3-

27
Q

phospholipid structure?

A

one of triglyceride fatty acid chains —> phosphate group

28
Q

are phospholipid heads non-polar?

A

NO - THEY’RE CHARGED

29
Q

what hydro are phospholipid heads?

A

hydrophilic ; charged = interact with polar water

30
Q

are phospholipid heads polar?

A

no

31
Q

are phospholipid tails polar?

A

no ; non-polar

32
Q

what hydro are phospholipid tails? why

A

hydrophobic = repelled by water

33
Q

what do phospholipid tails interact with?

A

mix with fats not water

34
Q

what do phospholipid heads interact with?

A

water

35
Q

how do phospholipids interact with water?

A
  • layer on the surface
  • heads in water and tails sticking out

= surface active agents (surfactants)

36
Q

phospholipid bilayer structure?

A
  • tails pointed inwards away from water
  • heads outside interacting with water
37
Q

what do phospholipids help form in cells?

A

cell membranes

38
Q

how are phospholipids useful in cells?

A
  • cell membranes
  • separate aqueous cell environment OUTSIDE from aqueous cytosol IN cells
39
Q

what group are sterols?

A

steroid alcohols

40
Q

are sterols lipids?

A

yes but NOT oils or fats

41
Q

sterol structure?

A

complex alc molecules

  • 4 carbon ring structure
  • hydroxyl group on one end
42
Q

sterol characteristics?

A

dual hydrophilic (polar hydroxyl group) & hydrophobic (rest of molecule)

43
Q

where is cholesterol made?

A

in the liver & intestines

44
Q

what is cholesterol used for?

A

positioned between phospholipids in bilayer with hydroxyl groups at periphery of membrane

45
Q

why is cholesterol useful?

A

between phospholipids = stability to membrane +regulates fluidity by keeping fluid at low temps + not too fluid at high temps

46
Q

what is made from cholesterol

A
  • vitamin D
  • steroid hormones
  • bile
47
Q

biological roles of lipids?

A
  • membrane formation + hydrophobic barriers
  • hormone production
  • electrical insulation for impulse transmission
  • waterproofing
  • long term energy storage
48
Q

where are lipids stored in the body?

A

under the skin and around vital organs

49
Q

benefits of lipids under the skin?

A
  • thermal insulation eg. penguins, seals
  • cushioning (protects vital organs eg. heart kidney)
  • buoyancy in aquatic animals (whales)
50
Q

what is the test for lipids called?

A

emulsion test

51
Q

describe the emulsion test?

A
  1. mix sample with ethanol
  2. mix this with water and shake
  3. white emulsion forms if lipid present
52
Q

positive emulsion test result?

A

white emulsion layer on top

53
Q

negative emulsion test result?

A

solution remains clear

bio module 2 (7 decks)

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