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[4] CHM110 | BIOCHEM > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

A family of substances classified together on the
basis of common solubility properties.

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Lipids are (1) ______ in water,but (2) ______ in organic solvents including diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and acetone.

A

(1) insoluble

(2) soluble

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3
Q

The roles of lipids in human biochemistry include:
• (1) ______
• (2) ______
• (3) ______

A

(1) Energy storage within cells

(2) Components of membranes in cells

(3) Chemical messengers

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4
Q

Lipids are classified into four groups based on their ______:
• Simple lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)
• Complex lipids
• Steroids
• Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

A

(1) Structures

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5
Q

The fatty acid components of triglycerides have certain things in common:
1. Practically all are (1) ______ carboxylic acids.
2. They range in size from about (2) ______ carbons.
3. They contain an (3) ______ number of carbon atoms.
4. Apart from the –COOR ester groups, triglycerides have (4) ______, except that some have one or more carbon–carbon double bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains.
5. In most fatty acids that have carbon–carbon (5) ______, the cis isomers predominate.

A

(1) unbranched

(2) 12 to 20

(3) even

(4) no functional groups

(5) double bonds

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6
Q

In most triglycerides, ______ different fatty acid components are present.

A

two or three

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7
Q

The ______ of triglycerides is caused by the long nonpolar hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acid components.

A

hydrophobic character

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8
Q

The ester groups, although polar, are buried within a nonpolar environment, which makes triglycerides ______.

A

insoluble in water

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9
Q

In triglycerides, all three ______ of glycerol are esterified with fatty acids.

A

hydroxyl groups

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10
Q

A triester of glycerol with three fatty acids.

A

Triglyceride

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11
Q

The physical properties of triglycerides depend on the ______.

A

fatty acid components

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12
Q

Melting points of fatty acids increases as the number of carbons in the hydrocarbon chains (1) ______ and as the number of double bonds (2) ______.

A

(1) increases

(2) decreases

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13
Q

Triglycerides rich in ______ are generally liquid at room temperature and are called oils

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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14
Q

Triglycerides rich in ______ are generally semisolids or solids at room temperature and are called fats.

A

saturated fatty acids

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15
Q

The reduction of some or all of the carbon-carbon double bonds of an unsaturated triglyceride using H2/transition metal catalyst, which converts a liquid triglyceride to a semisolid.

A

Hydrogenation

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16
Q

_______ and other ______ substitutes are produced by partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated oils derived from corn, cottonseed, peanut, and soybean oils.

A

Margarine, butter

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17
Q

Complex Lipids: Phospholipids
• Contain an (1) _____, ______, and a ______.
• In (2) ______, the alcohol is glycerol.
• In (3) ______, the alcohol is sphingosine.

A

(1) alcohol, two fatty acids, phosphate ester

(2) glycerophospholipids

(3) sphingolipids

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18
Q

Glycolipids
• Complex lipids that contain a ______.

A

carbohydrate

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19
Q

Complex lipids form the (1) ______ around cells and around (2) ______ within cells.

A

(1) membranes

(2) small structures

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20
Q

In aqueous solution, complex lipids spontaneously form into a (1) ______, with a (2) ______ arrangement of lipid monolayers

A

(1) lipid bilayer

(2) tail-to-tail

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21
Q

• (1) ______ are in contact with the aqueous environment.

• (2) ______ are buried within the bilayer and shielded from the aqueous environment.

A

(1) Polar (hydrophilic) head groups

(2) Nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails

22
Q

• The major driving force for the formation of lipid bilayers is (1) ______.

• (2) ______ prevent tight packing of the hydrophobic chains; the resulting liquid-like membrane allows for molecular transport across it.

A

(1) hydrophobic interaction

(2) Unsaturated fatty acids

23
Q

______, also called ______, are membrane components of cells throughout the body.

A

Glycerophospholipids; phosphoglycerides

24
Q

Glycerophospholipids

• The most abundant glycerophospholipids are derived from (1) ______, a molecule in which glycerol is esterified with two molecules of fatty acid and one of phosphoric acid.

• The fatty acid on carbon 2 of glycerol is usually (2) ______.

A

(1) phosphatidic acid

(2) unsaturated

25
Q

The structure of glycerophospholipids is very similar to that of (1) ______.
• The alcohol is (2) ______.
• Two of the three hydroxyl groups are esterified with (3) ______. The third hydroxyl group is esterified with ______, which is also esterified with another alcohol.

A

(1) fats

(2) glycerol

(3) fatty acids, phosphoric acid

26
Q

If the other alcohol is choline, the glycerophospholipid is called a ______ (common name ______).

A

phosphatidylcholine; lecithin

27
Q

Another group of glycerophospholipids in which the additional phosphate ester is provided by either ethanolamine or serine.

A

Cephalins

28
Q

Contain the long-chain aminoalcohol, sphingosine, from which this class of compounds in named

A

Sphingolipids

29
Q

The ______ is found in the coatings of nerve axons

A

sphingolipid myelin

30
Q

A complex lipid that contains carbohydrates and ceramides.

A

Glycolipid

31
Q

Glycolipids
• The carbohydrate is either (1) ______ or ______.
• The cerebrosides are (2) ______ or ______.
• An example of a glycolipid is a (3) ______.

A

(1) glucose, galactose

(2) ceramide mono-, oligosaccharides

(3) glucocerebroside

32
Q

A group of plant and animal lipids that contains this tetracyclic ring structure composing of 17 carbon atoms

A

Steroids

33
Q

The most abundant steroid in the human body, and also the most important.

A

Cholesterol

34
Q

Cholesterol
• It is a component in (1) ______ in all animal cells.
• It is the precursor of all (2) ______ and ______.

A

(1) plasma membranes

(2) steroid hormones, bile acids

35
Q

• Synthesized in the testes from cholesterol.
• Responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

A

Male Sex Hormones (Testosterone & Androsterone)

36
Q

Cholesterol is first converted to ______ and then to both sex hormones and adrenocorticoid hormones.

A

progesterone

37
Q

Among the synthetic anabolic steroids are:
(1) ______
(2) ______
(3) ______

A

(1) Methandienone
(2) Methenolone
(3) 4-Androstene-3,17-dione

38
Q

• Synthesized in the ovaries from progesterone.
• Responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and control of the menstrual cycle.

A

Female sex hormones (Progesterone & Estradiol)

39
Q

Progesterone-like analogs are used in ______:

A

oral contraceptives

40
Q

Examples of progesterone-like analogs used in oral contraceptives include:
(1) ______
(2) ______

A

(1) Norethindrone
(2) Mifepristone

41
Q

Are oxidation products of cholesterol.

A

Bile salts

42
Q

Bile Salts are synthesized in the (1) ______, stored in the (2) ______, and secreted into the (3) ______ where they emulsify (4) ______ and aid in their absorption and digestion.

A

(1) liver
(2) gallbladder
(3) intestine
(4) dietary fats

43
Q

Examples of bile salts are:
(1) ______
(2) ______

A

(1) Glycocholate

(2) Taurocholate

44
Q

A family of compounds synthesized in the body from arachidonic acid by a ring closure between carbons 8 and 12

A

Prostaglandins

45
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes prostaglandin formation that forms a ring from arachidonic acid at carbon 8 and 12 is ______ (______ for short).

A

cyclooxygenase, COX

46
Q

Catalyzes the normal physiological production of prostaglandins.

A

COX-1

47
Q

Is responsible for the production of prostaglandins in inflammation.

A

COX-2

48
Q

Are also derived from arachidonic acid that induces platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

A

Thromboxane A2

49
Q

Are also synthesized from arachidonic acid that mainly occur in leukocytes and produce muscle contractions in the lungs, causing asthma attacks

A

Leukotrienes

50
Q

(1) ______ includes simple (small uncharged molecules) and facilitated (larger molecules & carrier protein) diffusion

(2) ______ moves substances across a concentration gradient using a carrier protein and an energy sourse (sodium-potassium pump)

A

(1) Passive Transport

(2) Active Transport

[4] CHM110 | BIOCHEM (7 decks)

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