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[4] CHM110 | BIOCHEM > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

A polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis.

A

Carbohydrate

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2
Q

A carbohydrate that cannot be
hydrolyzed to a simpler carbohydrate.

A

Monosaccharide

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3
Q

Monosaccharides have the general formula _______, where n varies from 3 to 7.

A

CnH2nOn

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4
Q

A monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group.

A

Aldose

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5
Q

A monosaccharide containing a ketone group.

A

Ketose

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6
Q

The suffix _____ indicates that a molecule is a carbohydrate.

A

-ose

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7
Q

The prefixes _________ and so forth indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain.

A

tri-, tetra-, penta-,

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8
Q

There are only two trioses:
1. ________
2. ________

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde
  2. Dihydroxyacetone
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9
Q

____________, the simplest aldose, contains one stereocenter and exists as a pair of enantiomers.

A

Glyceraldehyde

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10
Q

A two-dimensional representation for showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters.

A

Fischer Projection

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11
Q

• _________ lines represent bonds projecting forward from the stereocenter.

• _________ lines represent bonds projecting to the rear.

• Only the __________ is in the plane.

A

Horizontal

Vertical

Stereocenter

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12
Q

In ______, ________ made the arbitrary assignments of D- and L- to the enantiomers of glyceraldehyde.

A

1891

Emil Fischer

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13
Q

The –OH on its penultimate carbon is on the right in a Fischer projection.

A

D-monosaccharide

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14
Q

–OH on its penultimate carbon is on the left in a the Fischer projection.

A

L-monosaccharide

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15
Q

_______, _______, and ______ are all hexoses found prominently in our metabolism.

A

D-Glucose

D-galactose

D-fructose

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16
Q

________ is normally found in human blood at concentrations of 65 to 110 mg/dL.

A

D-Glucose

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17
Q

_______ is part of the disaccharide lactose.

A

D-Galactose

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18
Q

_______ is twice as sweet as table sugar.

A

D-Fructose

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19
Q

Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols to form _________.

A

hemiacetals

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20
Q

________ form readily when hydroxyl and carbonyl groups are part of the same molecule and their interaction can form a five- or six-membered ring.

A

Cyclic hemiacetals

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21
Q

A ________ is represented as a planar ring, lying roughly perpendicular to the plane of the paper.

A

five- or six-membered cyclic hemiacetal

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22
Q

The new carbon stereocenter created in forming the cyclic structure is called the __________.

A

anomeric carbon

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23
Q

Stereoisomers that differ in configuration only at the anomeric carbon are called _________.

A

anomers

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24
Q

The anomeric carbon of an aldose is _______; that of most common ketoses is _______.

A

carbon 1

carbon 2

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25
Q

______ means that the –OH on the anomeric carbon is on the same side of the ring as the terminal –CH2OH

A

β (beta)

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26
Q

_____ means that the –OH on the anomeric carbon is on the side of the ring opposite from the terminal –CH2OH.

A

α (alpha)

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27
Q

A six-membered hemiacetal ring is called a ________.

A

pyranose

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28
Q

A five-membered hemiacetal ring is called a ________.

A

furanose

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29
Q

_______ also form cyclic hemiacetals.

A

Aldopentoses

30
Q

The most prevalent forms of D-ribose and other pentoses in the biological world are _______.

A

furanoses

31
Q

The prefix ______ means “without oxygen.”

A

“deoxy”

32
Q

The change in specific rotation that accompanies the equilibration of α- and β-anomers in aqueous solution.

A

Mutarotation

33
Q

Treatment of a monosaccharide, all of which exist almost exclusively in cyclic hemiacetal forms, with an alcohol gives an _____.

A

acetal

34
Q

A cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide is called a ______.

A

glycoside

35
Q

The bond from the anomeric carbon to the –OR group is called a ______.

A

glycosidic bond

36
Q

Mutarotation is not possible for a glycoside because an ______, unlike a ______, is not in equilibrium with the open-chain carbonyl-containing compound.

A

acetal

hemiacetal

37
Q

Glycosides are stable in __________, but like other acetals, are hydrolyzed in aqueous acid to an __________.

A

water and aqueous base

alcohol and a monosaccharide

38
Q

Glycosides are named by listing the ________ group bonded to oxygen followed by the name of the _______ in which the ending -e is replaced by -ide.

A

alkyl or aryl

carbohydrate

39
Q

The carbonyl group of a monosaccharide can be reduced to an hydroxyl group by a variety of reducing agents, including _______ in the presence of a transition metal catalyst (H2/Pt).

A

NaBH4 and H2

40
Q

The reduction product of the carbonyl group of a monosaccharide to a hydroxyl group is called an ______.

A

alditol

41
Q

Alditols are named by changing the suffix ______ to -itol.

A

-ose

-itol

42
Q

_______ is found in the plant world in many berries and in cherries, plums, pears, apples, seaweed, and algae.

A

Sorbitol

43
Q

Sorbitol is about ______ as sweet as sucrose (table sugar) and is used in the manufacture of candies and as a sugar substitute for diabetics.

A

60 percent

44
Q

These three alditols are also common in the biological world:

A
  1. Erythritol
  2. Mannitol
  3. Xylitol
45
Q

The aldehyde group of an aldose is oxidized under basic conditions to a ________.

A

carboxylate anion

46
Q

The oxidation product of an aldehyde group of an aldose to a carboxylate anion is called an _______.

A

aldonic acid

47
Q

A carbohydrate that reacts with an oxidizing agent to form an aldonic acid is classified as a
_______ (it reduces the oxidizing agent).

A

reducing sugar

48
Q

Enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of the primary alcohol at carbon 6 of a hexose yields a ______.

A

uronic acid

49
Q

________ is widely distributed in both the plant and animal worlds; an important component of the acidic polysaccharides of connective tissues.

A

D-Glucuronic acid

50
Q

Table sugar, obtained from the juice of sugar cane and sugar beet.

A

Sucrose

51
Q

The principal sugar present in milk.
• About 5–8% in human milk, 4–5% in cowʼs milk

A

Lactose

52
Q

From malt, the juice of sprouted barley and other cereal grains.

A

Maltose

53
Q

A carbohydrate consisting of large numbers of
monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds.

A

Polysaccharide

54
Q

A polymer of D-glucose.

A

Starch

55
Q

Starch can be separated into _____ and ______.

A

amylose

amylopectin

56
Q

_____ is composed of unbranched chains of up to 4000 D-glucose units joined by a-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

A

Amylose

57
Q

______ contains chains up to 10,000 D-glucose units also joined by a-1,4-glycosidic bonds. At branch points, new chains of 24 to 30 units are started by a-1,6-glycosidic bonds.

A

Amylopectin

58
Q

_______ is the energy-reserve carbohydrate for
animals.

A

Glycogen

59
Q

Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide of approximately _______ joined by a-1,4- and a-1,6-glycosidic bonds.

A

10^6 glucose units

60
Q

The total amount of glycogen in the body of a well- nourished adult human is about _____, divided almost equally between liver and muscle.

A

350g

61
Q

_______ is a linear polysaccharide of D-glucose units joined by b-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

A

Cellulose

62
Q

Cellulose has an average molecular weight of _______, corresponding to approximately 2200 glucose units per molecule.

A

400,000 g/mol

63
Q

Cellulose molecules act like stiff rods and align themselves side by side into well-organized water-insoluble fibers in which their _______ form numerous intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

A

–OH groups

64
Q

This arrangement of parallel chains in bundles gives cellulose fibers their ________.

A

high mechanical strength

65
Q

Humans and other animals can not digest cellulose because their digestive systems do not contain _________, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of b-glycosidic bonds.

A

b-glycosidases

66
Q

_________ have such bacteria (b-glycosidases) in their intestines and can use wood as their principal food.

A

Termites

67
Q

Humans have only _____; hence, the polysaccharides we use as sources of glucose are starch and glycogen.

A

a-glucosidases

68
Q

______ is synthesized and stored in mast cells of various tissues, particularly the liver, lungs, and gut.

A

Heparin

69
Q

The best known and understood of Heparin’s biological functions is its _______.

A

anticoagulant activity

70
Q

Heparin binds strongly to ________, a plasma protein involved in terminating the clotting process.

A

antithrombin III

[4] CHM110 | BIOCHEM (7 decks)

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