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Bilogical Foundations > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Are lipids soluble or non-soluble?

A

insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents

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2
Q

what are the 5 categories of lipids?

A

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

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3
Q

Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

A

Nonpolar

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4
Q

What are the 5 categories of lipids? and examples of these.

A
  1. Energy storage lipids- Bile acids
  2. Membrane lipids- Biological waxes
  3. Emulsification lipids - Triacylglycerols
  4. Messenger lipids- Phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol
  5. Protective coating lipids- Steroid hormones & eicosanoids
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5
Q

What is the function of Messenger lipids?

A

perform a regulatory function in the tissue where they are synthesized or other places where they are transported via the blood.

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6
Q

What is the function of Energy-Storage lipids?

A

are found in adipose sites and used when energy demand is high.

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7
Q

What is the function of Membrane lipids?

A

form the structural components of cell membranes.

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8
Q

What is the function of Emulsification lipids?

A

stabilize and disperse water-insoluble material in aqueous solutions.

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9
Q

What is the function of Protective coating lipids?

A

such as biological waxes, are water insoluble and water repelling.

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10
Q

What do Waxes, triacylglycerols, Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids have in common?

A

They are all fatty acids.

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11
Q

Memorise the structure of all fatty acids

A

Found on the slide or textbook.

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12
Q

do 0naturally occurring fatty acids have an even or odd amount of carbon atoms?

A

even number, usually between 12-20

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13
Q

how to know the amount of bends a fatty acid has.

A

the bends increase with the number of double bonds.

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14
Q

What does it mean when a fatty acid has more double bonds/bends?

A
  • Less packing occurs
  • Melting point is lower
  • Tend to be liquid at room temperature
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15
Q

How to know a fatty acid is saturated?

A

all carbon is single-bonded

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16
Q

How to know if a fatty acid is monounsaturated?

A

there will be one double-bonded carbon

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17
Q

How to know if a fatty acid is polyunsaturated?

A

there will be two or more double-bonded carbon

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18
Q

will the melting point of an unsaturated fatty acid be higher or lower?

A

The melting point will be lower. and decreases when the degree of unsaturation is greater.

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19
Q

What does it mean when a fatty acid is essential? give examples.

A

The body cannot make the fatty acid therefore needs to be obtained from dietary sources e.g., Omega 3 and 6.

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20
Q

What are omega 3 and 6 needed for?

A
  • Needed for proper membrane structure
  • Serve as starting materials for the production of
    several nutritionally important longer-chain
    omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids
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21
Q

How to know when a fatty acid is an omega 3 or 6?

A

The first double bond will either sit 3 or 6 carbons in from the methyl end.

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22
Q

What are waxes used for?

A

pharmaceutical
cosmetics
“polishing” industries

23
Q

How are fatty acids stored in the body?

A

triacylglycerols , also called triglycerides

24
Q

What is the difference between a fat and an oil?

A
  • Fat is a triacylglycerol that is solid at room temperature, and it
    usually comes from animal sources such as meat, whole milk,
    butter, and cheese.
  • An oil is a triacylglycerol that is usually a liquid at room
    temperature and is obtained from a plant source. Olive oil and
    peanut oil are monounsaturated because they contain large
    amounts of oleic acid.
25
Q

What is the structure of a Triacylglycerol?

A

three fatty acid residues (three acyl groups) attached to a glycerol residue.

26
Q

What happens in an esterification reaction to a fatty acid?

A

a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. See slides or textbook for an example.

27
Q

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction to a fatty acid?

A

Opposite of esterification in triacylglycerides. A reaction that uses water to break down polymers into monomers. See slides or textbook for an example.

28
Q

What is the difference between complete and partial hydrolysis?

A

Complete: will produce glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules.
Partial: Happens during digestion using an enzyme. Produces a monoacylglycerol and 2 fatty acids.
See the slide or textbook for a photo.

29
Q

What happens in a hydrogenation reaction to a fatty acid?

A
  • it converts double bonds to single bonds.
  • Addition of hydrogen across carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds, increasing saturation and causing an increase in melting point
    e.g., margarine
30
Q

What happens in a Saponification reaction to a fatty acid?

A

Saponification is a process involving the hydrolysis of fats on their reaction with alkali, thereby leading to the formation of salts of fatty acids and glycerol
The salts of fatty acids are known as soap.

31
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group

32
Q

What is the difference between Triacylglycerols and Glycerophospholipids?

A

– Triacylglycerols serve as energy-storage molecules and are nonpolar. Have 3 ester linkages.
– Glycerophospholipids function as components of cell membranes and are polar. have four ester linkages.

33
Q

What is a Sphingophospholipids?

A
  • Structures based on the 18-carbon monounsaturated amino alcohol sphingosine
34
Q

What is the structure of a Sphingophospholipids?

A
  • Contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule, and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group
  • Contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate component attached to a sphingosine molecule
35
Q

What is cholesterol known as?

A

A steroid

36
Q

Based on biological function, phospholipids are classified as?

A

membrane lipids

37
Q

What is cholesterol structure based on?

A

based on a fused-ring system of three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring

38
Q

What is cholesterol important for?

A

– Important in human cell membranes, nerve tissue, and brain tissue
– Important in the chemical synthesis of various hormones and vitamins essential for life

39
Q

What does a cell membrane (plasma membrane) do?

A

The lipid-based structure that separates the aqueous interior of a cell from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell

40
Q

How much of the plasma membrane is made up of lipid material?

A

up to 80%

41
Q

What type of lipid is the plasma made up of?

A

Phospholipids

42
Q

are the tails or heads of the phospholipids polar or nonpolar?

A

The tails are nonpolar in the middle and the heads on the outside are polar.

43
Q

Are the phospholipids saturated or unsaturated? and why?

A

contains at least one unsaturated fatty acid to ensure nutrients can get through.

44
Q

What is cholesterol’s purpose in the cell membrane?

A
  • Cholesterol helps regulate membrane fluidity–the fused-ring system does not allow rotation of fatty acid tails in the vicinity
    – Fits between fatty acid chains of the lipid bilayer
45
Q

what is the purpose of proteins in the lipid bilayers of the membrane?

A

– Responsible for moving substances such as nutrients and electrolytes across the membrane
– Act as receptors that bind hormones and neurotransmitters

46
Q

What are the three types of transport across the cell membrane? and how do they work?

A
  • Passive transport:
    -It just happens
    -Influenced by the concentration gradient from inside and outside cell membrane
    -Osmosis is a type of this
  • Facilitated transport:
  • Need the aid of a protein
  • Proteins serve as a gate
    -Still influenced by the concentration
  • Active transport:
    -Needs a pump
    -It’s going from low to high against the gradient
    -Uses energy provided by ATP.
  • Think of it like on a hill. You can just roll down the hill or may need a push, going up the hill you need to help the whole way up.
47
Q

What is an emulsifier?

A

A substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution

48
Q
A
49
Q

What is a messenger lipid?

A
  • Biochemical substances produced by a ductless gland that
    has a messenger function
  • Serve as a means of communication between various tissues
    – Some hormones are lipids
50
Q

What are examples of lipids that play the role of “chemical messengers”?

A

– Steroid hormone - Derivative of cholesterol
* Sex hormones - Control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
* Adrenocorticoid hormones - Regulate numerous biochemical processes in the body
– Eicosanoid - Derivative of fatty acids

51
Q

What are examples of messenger lipid eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins
* Prostaglandins are: produced by injured tissues. Involved in pain, fever, and inflammation
Thromboxanes
* Produced by platelets (Thrombocytes).
Leukotrienes
* Produced by white blood cells (Leukocytes).

52
Q

what does an anti-inflammatory drug do to prostaglandins?

A

inhibit their synthesis

53
Q

What are the two types of Sphingoglycolipids?

A

Cerebrosides and gangliosides

Bilogical Foundations (8 decks)

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