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Bilogical Foundations > Intro to organic chemistry and functional groups > Flashcards

Intro to organic chemistry and functional groups Flashcards

1
Q

What are organic compounds?

A
  • are all compounds containing the elements carbon and hydrogen
  • include molecules associated with life
  • include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, plastics, and fuels
  • 10 million organic compounds are known
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2
Q

what are the sources of organic compounds?

A
  • Living organisms
  • Laboratory synthesis
  • Just 1.7 million inorganic compounds are known.
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3
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Study of hydrocarbons and their various derivatives.

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4
Q

What is inorganic chemistry?

A

Study of all substances other than hydrocarbons and their derivatives

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5
Q

Organic vs inorganic elements that are present?

A

Organic: C &, sometimes O, S, N, P, or Cl (F, Br, I)
Inorganic: Most metal and non metals

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6
Q

Organic vs inorganic particles

A

Organic: molecules
Inorganic: Mostly ions

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7
Q

Organic vs inorganic bonding

A

Organic: Mostly covalent
Inorganic: many are ionic, some are covalent

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8
Q

Organic vs inorganic polarity of bonds

A

Organic: nonpolar unless a strongly electronegative atom is present
Inorganic: Most are ionic or polar covalent, a few are nonpolar covalent

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9
Q

Organic vs inorganic melting point

A

Organic: usually low
Inorganic: Usually high

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10
Q

Organic vs inorganic boiling point

A

Organic: usually low
Inorganic: usually high

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11
Q

Organic vs inorganic flammability

A

Organic: high
Inorganic: low

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12
Q

Organic vs inorganic solubility in water

A

Organic: not soluble, unless a polar group is present
Inorganic: most are soluble, unless nonpolar.

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13
Q

How many bonds does carbon have?

A
  1. represented by 4 lines. can be single, double or triple bonds.
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14
Q

How many bonds does hydrogen have?

A

1

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15
Q

How many bonds does oxygen have?

A

2

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16
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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17
Q

What is a hydrocarbon derivative?

A

Compound that contains carbon and hydrogen and one or more additional elements.

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18
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon? + examples

A
  • Hydrocarbon in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds
  • Have only single covalent bonds between C atoms.
  • Are saturated with Hydrogen atoms.
  • Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
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19
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? + examples

A
  • Hydrocarbon with one or more carbon-carbon multiple bonds
  • Double bonds, triple bonds, or both between a c atom.
  • Are unsaturated with Hydrogen atoms.
    -Alkenes, Cycloalkenes, Alkynes and Arenes
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20
Q

What is the IUPAC system?

A

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry establishes the rules for naming organic compounds systematically.

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21
Q

What does meth mean in an IUPAC name?

A

1 carbon

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22
Q

What does eth mean in an IUPAC name?

A

2 carbon

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23
Q

What does prop mean in an IUPAC name?

A

3 carbon

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24
Q

What does but mean in an IUPAC name?

A

4 carbon

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25
Q

What does pent mean in an IUPAC name?

A

5 carbon

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26
Q

What does hex mean in an IUPAC name?

A

6 carbon

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27
Q

What does hept mean in an IUPAC name?

A

7 carbon

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28
Q

What does oct mean in an IUPAC name?

A

8 carbon

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29
Q

What does non mean in an IUPAC name?

30
Q

What does dec mean in an IUPAC name?

31
Q

what does it mean when an IUPAC name has “ane” at the end of it?

A

that it is an alkane

32
Q

What is an alkane?

A
  • Alkane: Saturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atom arrangement is acyclic
  • All bonds are carbon-carbon single bonds
  • General formula - CnH2n+2
33
Q

What is an isomers?

A
  • Isomers: Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements
34
Q

What does Continuous-chain alkane mean?

A

Carbon atoms are connected in a continuous non-branching chain

35
Q

What does Branched-chain alkane mean?

A

One or more branches of carbon atoms are attached to a continuous chain

36
Q

What is substituent?

A

An atom or group of atoms attached to a chain (or ring) of carbon atoms

37
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

The group of atoms that would be obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane

38
Q

What is a primary carbon atom?

A

A carbon atom directly bonded to one other C atom

39
Q

What is a Secondary carbon atom?

A

A carbon atom directly bonded to two other carbon atoms

40
Q

What is a Tertiary carbon atom?

A

A carbon atom directly bonded to three other carbon atoms

41
Q

What is Quaternary carbon atom?

A

A carbon atom directly bonded to four other carbon atoms

42
Q

What is Cycloalkanes?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon in which carbon atoms connected to one another in a cyclic (ring) arrangement are present.
The general formula is CnH2n.

43
Q

Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

A

Natural Gas and Petroleum
- Unprocessed natural gas contains:
* 50 – 90% methane
* 1 – 10% ethane
* Up to 8% higher alkanes (primarily propane and butanes)

44
Q

Physical properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

A
  • Alkanes and cycloalkanes are insoluble in water
  • Water is polar
  • Alkanes and cycloalkanes have densities lower than that of water
  • The boiling points of continuous-chain alkanes and cycloalkanes increase with an increase in carbon–chain length or ring size
45
Q

Chemical properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

A
  • Vigorous reaction with oxygen (usually from air)
  • Accompanied by the evolution of heat and light
  • Always an exothermic process
  • Total combustion of alkanes produces carbon dioxide
    and water
  • Incomplete/partial combustion results in a mixture of
    carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
46
Q

What is Unsaturated Hydrocarbons?

A
  • Structural feature of an organic molecule that is directly involved in most of its chemical reactions:
  • Carbon–carbon double/triple bonds are the functional groups in unsaturated hydrocarbons.
  • Subdivided into 3 groups:
  • Alkenes - Contain one or more carbon–carbon double bonds.
  • Alkynes - Contain one or more carbon–carbon triple bonds.
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons - Exhibit a special type of “delocalized” bonding involving a six-membered carbon ring.
47
Q

What are the characteristics of Alkenes?

A
  • WIll always have one or more DOUBLE BOND
    *Acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon–carbon double bonds.
  • Functional group is C=C group.
  • Names end with an –ene, which signifies the presence of a double bond.
  • General molecular formula - CnH2n
  • Two of the simplest alkenes are ethene and propene:
48
Q

What are naturally occurring alkenes?

A
  • Pheromone: A compound secreted or excreted by insects (and some animals and plants) that triggers a response in other members of the same species. Many pheromones have alkene structures.
  • Terpenes are widely distributed in nature
  • More than 22,000 terpenes are found in biological systems and
  • They are responsible for the characteristic odors of many trees and plant fragrances.
  • Carotenoids, a group of yellow, red, and orange pigments found in plants, are terpenes in which eight isoprene units are present.
    β-Carotene, Lycopene, Lutein
49
Q

What are Stereoisomers

A

have the same molecular and structural formulas but different orientations of atoms in space.

50
Q

What are examples of naturally occurring Alkenes?

A

Pheromone: A compound secreted or excreted by insects (and some
animals and plants) that triggers a response in other members of the
same species. Many pheromones have alkene structures.

51
Q

What is alkynes

A

contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds

52
Q

What are arenes (Aromatic Hydrocarbons)

A

exhibit a special type of “delocalized” bonding involving a six-membered carbon ring

53
Q

What is the functional group of an alkene?

54
Q

What is the molecular formula for alkene?

55
Q

What is the functional group of Alkyne?

A

C (triple bond) C

56
Q

What is the molecular formula of an alkyne?

57
Q

What is the molecular formula of an Alkane?

58
Q

What is benzene?

A

Benzene possesses a six-membered carbon ring With alternating single and double bonds. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined together is a ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each.

59
Q

Do Isomers have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula?

60
Q

Isomers are all continuous non-branching chains

61
Q

Do Cis isomers have the functional group on the same side?

62
Q

Isomerism’s molecular formula

63
Q

What is an alcohol functional group?

64
Q

What is thiols functional group?

65
Q

An antioxidant is a compound that is readily oxidised.

66
Q

The solubility of alcohol decreases as the carbon chain length increases.

67
Q

What is the difference between alcohol, Phenol and thiol

A

Alcohol = -OH (Hydroxyl group)FUnctional group
Phenol = will have an aromatic ring
Thiol = -SH functional group.

68
Q

Examples of alcohol

A

Methyl = wood alcohol
Ethyl = drinking alcohol

69
Q

Uses of phenols

A

Antiseptics e.g., mouthwash

70
Q

Uses of thiols

A

Odor in natrural gas is due to added thiols.
Scent of skunks.

Bilogical Foundations (8 decks)

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